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八年级上册语文专题训练八:文言文知识梳理

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专题训练八 文言文知识梳理一、解释下列加点的词。1.沿溯阻绝__________________________________________________________________2.虽乘奔御风_______________________________________________________________3.或王命急宣_______________________________________________________________4.虽乘奔御风,不以疾也______________________________________________________5.飞漱其间________________________________________________________________6.任意东西________________________________________________________________7.夕日欲颓,沉鳞竞跃_______________________________________________________8.未复有能与其奇者_________________________________________________________9.威武不能屈________________________________________________________________10.鸢飞戾天者______________________________________________________________11.父命之_________________________________________________________________12.以顺为正者_______________________________________________________________13.与民由之_________________________________________________________________14.富贵不能淫_______________________________________________________________15.管夷吾举于士_____________________________________________________________16.行拂乱其所为_____________________________________________________________17.征于色,发于声,而后喻_____________________________________________________18.出则无敌国外患者________________________________________________________19.惩山北之塞____________________________________________________________20.寒暑易节_______________________________________________________________21.子子孙孙无穷匮也________________________________________________________22.彀弓弩______________________________________________________________\n23.介胄之士____________________________________________________________24.使人称谢_________________________________________________________________二、指出下列句中的通假字并解释。1.略无阙处__________________________________________________________________2.窥谷忘反_________________________________________________________________3.入则无法家拂士___________________________________________________________4.甚矣,汝之不惠_____________________________________________________________5.军士吏被甲________________________________________________________________6.改容式车_____________________________________________________________三、写出下列虚词的意义或作用。1.之①不闻天子之诏__________________________②已而之细柳军__________________________③告之于帝__________________________④甚矣,汝之不惠__________________________2.其①其妻献疑曰__________________________②其如土石何__________________________③惧其不已也__________________________3.焉①始一反焉__________________________②且焉置土石__________________________③是焉得为大丈夫乎__________________________四、一个词语在不同的句子中有不同的意思,解释下列加点的词。1.绝\n①沿溯阻绝__________________________②绝多生怪柏__________________________③哀转久绝__________________________④天下独绝__________________________2.上①负势竞上__________________________②横柯上蔽__________________________3.许①杂然相许__________________________②自富阳至桐庐一百许里__________________________4.戒①戒之曰__________________________②必敬必戒__________________________5.且①年且九十__________________________②且焉置土石__________________________6.苦①何苦而不平__________________________②必先苦其心志__________________________7.诚①帝感其诚__________________________②公孙衍、张仪岂不诚大丈夫哉__________________________8.军①上自劳军__________________________\n②至霸上及棘门军__________________________③周亚夫军细柳__________________________五、写出下列加点词的古义和今义。1.虽乘奔御风,不以疾也。古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:_______________________________________________________________________2.四时俱备。古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:_______________________________________________________________________3.晓雾将歇。古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:_______________________________________________________________________4.但少闲人如吾两人者耳。古义:_______________________________________________________________________今:________________________________________________________________________5.鸢飞戾天者。古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:_______________________________________________________________________6.经纶世务者。古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:_______________________________________________________________________7.达于汉阴。古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:_______________________________________________________________________\n8.无陇断焉。古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:_______________________________________________________________________9.何苦而不平。古义:_______________________________________________________________________今义:_______________________________________________________________________六、请用“/”给下列句子划分朗读节奏。1.自非亭午夜分,不见曦月。2.实是欲界之仙都。自康乐以来,未复有能与其奇者。3.庭下如积水空明,水中藻、荇交横,盖竹柏影也。4.山随平野尽,江入大荒流。5.富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈。6.入则无法家拂士,出则无敌国外患者。7.以河内守亚夫为将军,军细柳。8.天接云涛连晓雾,星河欲转千帆舞。七、把下列句子翻译成现代汉语。1.虽乘奔御风,不以疾也。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.自康乐以来,未复有能与其奇者。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.庭下如积水空明,水中藻、荇交横,盖竹柏影也。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n4.鸢飞戾天者,望峰息心;经纶世务者,窥谷忘反。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.已而之细柳军,军士吏被甲,锐兵刃,彀弓弩,持满。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.曩者霸上、棘门军,若儿戏耳,其将固可袭而虏也。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7.遂率子孙荷担者三夫,叩石垦壤,箕畚运于渤海之尾。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8.入则无法家拂士,出则无敌国外患者,国恒亡。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9.富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈。此之谓大丈夫。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10.得志,与民由之;不得志,独行其道。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11.居天下之广居,立天下之正位,行天下之大道。________________________________________________________________________\n________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n教师详解详析一、1.顺流而下。逆流而上。2.动词用作名词,飞奔的马。3.有时。4.即使。快。5.冲涮,冲荡。6.向东或向西。7.坠落。指水中潜游的鱼。8.参与。这里有欣赏、领悟的意思。9.使……屈服。10.至、到达。11.教导、训诲。12.准则,标准。13.遵循。14.使……迷惑。15.选拔、任用。狱官。16.违背。17.征验、表现。显露、流露。了解、明白。18.势力、地位相当的国家。19.苦于。20.更替。21.穷尽。22.张开。23.披甲戴盔。\n24.向人致意,表示问候。二、1.“阙”同“缺”,空隙、缺口。2.“反”同“返”,返回。3.“拂”同“弼”,辅佐。4.“惠”同“慧”,聪明。5.“被”同“披”,穿着。6.“式”同“轼”,扶轼。三、1.①的。②到,往。③这件事。④主谓之间取消句子独立性。2.①他的。②用在“如……何”前面加强反问语气。③他。3.①语气词,无实义。②哪里。③怎么,哪里。四、1.①断。②极。③停止,消失。④独一无二的。2.①向上,动词。②在上边、在上面。3.①赞同。②表示约数。4.①告诫。②谨慎。5.①将近。②况且。6.①担心。②使……痛苦。7.①诚心。②确实。8.①军队。②军营。③驻军。五、1.快。病痛。2.四季。指时间。3.消散。休息。\n4.只是。常用为转折连词。5.至、到达。罪过,乖张。6.筹划、治理。比喻规划、管理国家大事的才能。7.山的北面、水的南面,与“阳”相对。不见阳光的地方。8.高大而不相连属的山。把持独占。9.担心。难受,痛苦。六、1.自非/亭午/夜分,不见/曦月。2.实是/欲界/之仙都。自/康乐以来,未复有/能与其奇者。3.庭下/如/积水空明,水中/藻、荇交横,盖/竹柏影也。4.山随/平野/尽,江入/大荒/流。5.富贵/不能/淫,贫贱/不能/移,威武/不能/屈。6.入/则无/法家拂士,出/则无/敌国外患者。7.以河内守亚夫/为将军,军/细柳。8.天接/云涛/连/晓雾,星河/欲转/千帆/舞。七、1.即使是骑着奔驰的快马,驾着风,也不如船行得快啊。2.自从南朝的谢灵运以来,就再也没有人能够欣赏这种奇丽的景色了。3.月光照在庭院里像积满了清水一样澄澈透明,水中的水藻、荇菜纵横交错,大概是竹子和柏树的影子。4.那些追逐名利的人,看到(这些雄奇的)山峰,追逐名利的心就会平静下来;那些治理国家大事的人,看到(这些幽美的)山谷,就会流连忘返。5.不久,(皇上的车队)到了细柳军营,军营将士都身披铠甲,(手持)磨得锋利的兵刃,张开弓弩,把弓拉满。6.先前霸上、棘门的军队,像儿戏罢了,那里的将军一定可以通过偷袭而俘虏。7.(愚公)于是率领儿孙中三个能挑担子的人,凿石头,挖泥土,\n用箕畚装土石运到渤海的边上。8.(一个国家)在国内如果没有坚守法度的大臣和辅佐君王的贤士,在国外如果没有势力、地位相当的国家与外部的忧患,这个国家就往往会灭亡。9.富贵不能使(他的思想)迷惑,贫贱不能使(他的操守)改变,威武不能使(他的意志)屈服。这(才)叫作大丈夫。10.实现志向了,与百姓一同遵循正道而行;不能实现志向,就独自走自己的道路。11.(大丈夫应该)住进天下最宽广的住宅——仁,站在天下最正确的位置——礼,走着天下最正确的道路——义。

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