必修一Unit1friendshipGrammar从容说课Thisisthefourthteachingperiodofthisunit.Totestwhetherthestudentshavegraspedtheimportantanddifficultlanguagepointstheylearnedinthelastperiod,theteachershouldfirstofferthemsomerevisionexercises.Thisteachingperiodisagrammarlesson.ThestudentsareexpectedtomakeclearthedifferencesbetweenDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeechandgraspthemainusagesoftheminthisperiod.Studentsoftenfeelgrammarveryabstractandboring,soitisnecessarytomaketheclasslivelyandinteresting.Examplesentencesandgrammarsummaryshouldbecarefullydesignedsoastomakeiteasyforstudentstounderstandandaccept.Inthislesson,wewillfirstofferasupposedsituationandmakethestudentslearnaboutthedifferencesbetweenDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech.ThesituationmakesstudentsknowthatwhentalkinginourdailylifesometimeswehavegottouseDirectSpeechandsometimeswealsoneedtouseIndirectSpeech.Thisistohelpthemtohavethesensetoconnectgrammarformwithrealsituationsinourdailylife.Ifwewanttoexpressourselvesclearlyandcorrectly,weshoulduseaproperformoflanguage,otherwiseotherscan’tunderstandus.Thatiswhyitisnecessaryforustohavesomeknowledgeingrammar.Lateron,we’llshowandexplaintherulesofthesegrammaritems,thatistosay,tomakethestudentsknowhowtochangeDirectSpeechintoIndirectSpeechandIndirectSpeechintoDirectSpeech.ThenaskthemtodoexercisesinDiscoveringusefulstructures,LearningaboutlanguageonPage5.Itwillmakethestudentsfurtherknowaboutthedifferencesandgrasptheusages.Thisalsocanhelpthestudentsconnectgrammarruleswithproperlanguageformssoastomakegrammarruleslessabstract.ThenwewillaskthestudentstodoExercise1inUsingstructuresonPage42.Ifthestudentshavedifficulty,helpthemandchecktheirmistakeswiththehelpofthegrammarrules.Tellthestudentsnotjusttolearnsomesimplegrammarrulesbuttolearnandusetheminpracticalsituations.Forexample,myfriendsays,“Iwillcomeheretomorrow.”IfusingIndirectSpeech,youcanexpressitinmanydifferentways.1.Ifatthesametimeinthesameplace,youshouldsay:Myfriendsaysshe(he)willcomeheretomorrow.2.Ifthetimehaschangedandstillinthesameplace,youshouldsay:Myfriendsaidshe(he)wouldcome10\nherethenextday.3.Iftheplacehaschangedandthetimeisstilltoday,youshouldsay:Myfriendsaidshe(he)wouldgotheretomorrow.4.Ifboththetimeandtheplacehavechanged,youshouldsay:Myfriendsaidshe(he)wouldgotherethenextday.5.Ifboththetimeandtheplacehavechanged,theothershouldsay:He(She)saidhe(she)wouldgotherethenextday.Ifstudentslearnthegrammarthisway,itiseasierforthemtograsp.教学重点SummarizetherulesofDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech.教学难点Getthestudentstolearnaboutthespecialcasesinwhichthetensesshouldn’tbechanged.教学方法Discussing,summarizingandpracticing教具准备Aprojectorandothernecessaryteachingtools三维目标Knowledgeaims:GetthestudentstolearnandgrasptherulesofDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech.Abilityaims:Getthestudentstobeabletousetherulestoexpresstheirmeaningsandretailothers’correctly.Emotionalaims:1.Getthestudentsnottobeafraidofgrammarlearning.2.Getthestudentstodeveloptheirsenseofgroupcooperation.教学过程→Step1Revision1.Checkthehomeworkexercises.2.Haveadictationtowritesomeimportantwordsandexpressions.Suggestedwordsandexpressions:10\nupset　ignore　concern　loose　cheat　reason　share　nature　thunder　entirely　gothrough　hideaway　calmdown　setdown　growcrazyabout　onpurpose　facetoface　accordingto3.Translatesomesentencesusingthepatternswehavelearned.Suggestedsentences:1）为了上课不迟到，他七点钟就出发了。(inorderto)2）小明昨天没来上学确实是因为生病了。(Itis...that...)3）这小房间里太闹。(fartoomuch)4）那是我第一次到北京。(Itis/wasthefirst/secondtime/that...)Suggestedanswers:1）Inordernottobelateforclass,hesetoffatseveno’clock./Hesetoffatseveno’clockinordernottobelateforclass.2）ItisbecausehewasillthatXiaomingdidn’tcometoschool.3）Thereisfartoomuchnoiseinthesmallroom.4）ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadbeentoBeijing.→Step2Lead-inTelltheclass:Inthelastlesson,welearnedAnneFrank’sstory.Sheistellingherstoriestotwoofherfriends—youandMary.Maryhassomethingwrongwithherears,soyouhavetorepeatAnne’ssentences,usingIndirectspeech.SometimesyouexplainMary’ssentencestoAnne.“Ihavetostayinthehidingplace.”saidAnne.→Annesaidshehadtostayinthehidingplace.“Doyoufeelsadwhenyouarenotabletogooutdoors?”MaryaskedAnne.→MaryaskedAnneif/whethershefeltsadwhenshewasnotabletogooutdoors.“Idon’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiary,”saidAnne.→Annesaidthatshedidn’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiary.“Whatdoyoucallyourdiary?”Maryasked.→Maryaskedwhatshecalledherdiary....Getthestudentstogoonthistopicbythemselves.→Step3Grammar1.Telltheclass:Nowlet’slookatthesesentencesagain.IfwewanttochangeDirectSpeechintoIndirectSpeech,whatshouldbechanged?10\n2.Getthestudentsdiscussbythemselves.Perhapsmoststudentscanfindsentencestructures,tenses,pronouns,adverbialsoftimeandplaceandverbsshouldbechanged.3.Showthestudentstheformonthescreen.Thesearetherules.当我们引用别人的话时，如果我们引用别人的原话，被引用的部分就叫直接引语，一般用“”引起来。如果我们用自己的话把意思转述出来，被转述的部分称为间接引语，间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。1）直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that引导。Marysaid,“Iamveryhappytohelpyou.”→Marysaidthatshewasveryhappytohelpyou.2）直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if引导。Heaskedme,“Doyoulikeplayingbasketball?”→Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedplayingbasketball.注意：大多数情况下，if和whether都可以用，但后面和ornot连用时或在动词不定式前或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。SheaskedmewhetherIcoulddoitornot.3）直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由原句的疑问词who,whom,whose,how,when,why,where等引导。Mysisteraskedme,“Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?”→MysisteraskedmewhatIthoughtofthefilm.4）注意事项（1)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。HeaskedLucy,“Wherehaveyoubeen?”→HeaskedLucywhereshehadbeen.Marysaid,“Whatdoyouwant,Ann?”→MaryaskedAnnwhatshewanted.（2)直接引语是客观事实、真理、规律等，变成间接引语时，时态不变。Theteachertoldhisstudents,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”→Theteachertoldhisstudentsthattheearthgoesroundthesun.（3)直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。10\nHesaid,“Ihaven’tseenmydaughtertoday.”→Hesaidthathehadn’tseenhisdaughterthatday.注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就没必要改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。时态变化规律表直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时一些常用词变化规律表直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthesethose时间状语nowthentodaythatdaytomorrowthenext(following)daynextweek/month/...thenext(following)week/month...yesterdaythedaybeforelastweek/month/...theweek/month/...beforethreedays/months/...agothreedays/month/...thisweek/month/...thatweek/month...地点herethere动词comegoOption:如果学生基础较好，语法部分也可用英语讲解。1.DirectSpeechIndirectspeech,theoriginalspeaker’sexactwordsaregivenandareindicatedbyquotationmarks.“Idon’tknowwhattodo,”saidTom.Insomegrammarbooks,“saidTom”isreferredtoasareportingclause.“Idon’tknowwhattodo,”is10\nreferredtoasthereportedclause.2.IndirectSpeechInindirectspeech,theexactmeaningofthespeaker’swordsisgiven,buttheexactwordsarenotdirectlyquoted.Tomsaidthathedidn’tknowwhattodo.Toconvertdirectspeechintoindirectspeech:Ifthemainverbispasttense,presenttenseverbsin“thatclause”mustalsobechangedtopasttense.Tomsaidthathedidn’tknowwhattodo.Firstandsecondpersonpronounsmustbechangedtothirdpersonpronouns.Tomsaidthathedidn’tknowwhattodo.(Theword“that”canoftenbeleftout:Tomsaidhedidn’tknowwhattodo.)3.IndirectQuestionsThesamerulesapplytoindirectquestionsastoindirectstatements.Thedifferenceisthatawh-clauseisusedinsteadofathatclause.Directquestion:“DidDick’shorsewinaprize?”Owenasked.Indirectquestions:Owenaskedwhether/ifDick’shorsehadwonaprize.Directquestion:“Whywon’tyoumarryme?”askedDonald.Indirectquestion:Donaldaskedherwhyshewouldn’tmarryhim.﹡Intellingastoryorrecountingevents,aspeakerusingdirectspeechhasalltheresourcesofintonationtoproducealivelyaccount.Becauseindirectspeechisalwaysreportedbysomeoneelse,theaccountismorereservedandrestrained.“Whatshallwedo?”askedMary.“Don’tworry,Mary,”saidDick,“I’vegotaplan.”MaryaskedDickwhattheyshoulddo.Hetoldhernottoworryandthathehadgotaplan.﹡Theabilitytochangedirectspeechintoindirectspeechisausefulskillforthoseengagedintakingtheminutesofameetingorreportingonevents.Directspeech:“Firstofall,Iwouldliketothankeverybodywhohelpedwiththefair.Theresultswereverygood,andwewillnowbeabletobuytwomorecomputers.”Indirectspeech:Theprincipalsaidthathewouldliketothankeverybodywhohadhelpedwiththefair.Heannouncedthattheresultswereverygoodandthattheschoolwouldnowbeabletobuytwomorecomputers.→Step4Practice(Discoveringusefulstructures)10\nGetthestudentstoturntoPage5.Pleasechangethefollowingdirectspeechintoindirectspeechandindirectintodirect.1.“I’mgoingtohidefromtheGermans,”Annesaid.2.“Idon’tknowtheaddressofmynewhome,”saidAnne.3.“Icannotaskmyfatherbecauseitisnotsafetoknow,”shesaid.4.“Ihadtopackupmythingsveryquickly,”thegirlsaid.5.“Whydidyouchooseyourdiaryandoldletters?”Dadaskedher.6.Mumaskedherif/whethershewasveryhotwithsomanyclotheson.7.Margotaskedherwhatelseshehadgot.8.Anneaskedherfatherwhentheywouldgobackhome.9.Anneaskedhersisterhowshecouldseeherfriends.10.MotheraskedAnnewhyshehadgonetobedsolatethenightbefore.→Step5CorrectingmistakesAnalyzethecommonmistakesstudentshavemadeduringthepractice.Letthestudentslookatthescreenandpayattentiontothesesentences.Thenchoosetherightsentenceandmakeitclearwhytheotheroneiswrong.→Step6AgamePlayaguessinggame“whoismysecretfriend?”Onestudentcomestothefrontwithhispartner.Thereststudentsaskhimquestionswhilehispartnerchangesthemintoindirectspeech.Intheend,thepersonwhohasguessedtherightanswercancometothefronttotaketheplaceofthefirststudent.Sothegamegoeson.Suggestedsentences:Canyourfriendspeak?Whatdoeshe/sheweartoday?Ishe/shetallorshort?Whatdoyouandyourfrienddoinyourfreetime?Doyouquarrelwitheachother?...→Step7WorkbookDoExercise1inUsingStructuresonPage42.HereisanotherpageofAnne’sdiary.Readitthroughandthenuseindirectspeechtoretellthestory.Iftimedoesn’tpermit,declareitashomework.Suggestedanswers:10\nAnnesaidthattheywentquicklyupstairsandintothehidingplacewhentheyarrivedatPrinsengracht.Shesaidthattheyclosedthedoorbehindthemandtheywerealone.Shesaid(that)Margothadcomefasteronherbicycleandwasalreadywaitingforthem.Shesaid(that)alltheroomswerefullofboxesandtheylayonthefloorandthebeds.Shesaid(that)thelittleroomwasfilledwithbedclothesandtheyhadtostartclearingupatonce,iftheywishedtosleepincomfortablebedsthatnight.Annesaid(that)hermotherandMargotwerenotabletohelp.Shesaid(that)theyweretiredandlaydownontheirbeds,butherdaddyandshe,thetwo“Helpers”ofthefamily,startedatonce.Annesaid(that)theyunpackedtheboxes,filledthecupboardsandtidiedthewholeday,untiltheywereextremelytired.Shesaidtheydidsleepincleanbedsthatnight.Shesaidtheyhadn’thadanywarmfoodtoeatallday,buttheydidn’tcare.Annesaid(that)hermotherandMargotweretootiredandworriedtoeat,andherdaddyandsheweretoobusy.→Step8Homework1.FinishofftherelatedWorkbookexercises.2.ReviewandgrasptherulesofDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech.板书设计DirectSpeechIndirectSpeech1.Marysaid,“Iamveryhappytohelpyou.”Marysaidthatshewasveryhappytohelpyou.2.Heaskedme,“Doyoulikeplayingbasketball?”Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedplayingbasketball.3.Mysisteraskedme,“Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?”MysisteraskedmewhatIthoughtofthefilm.4.Theteachertoldhisstudents,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”Theteachertoldhisstudentsthattheearthgoesroundthesun.活动与探究Getthestudentstoworkingroupsoffouroutofclassanddesignaquestionnairetofindoutwhatkindoffriendsyourclassmatesare.Thepurposeofthisactivityistoencouragestudentstothinkindependentlyandactinmattersofimmediateconcernandinterest.Italsocandevelopstudents’designabilityandspiritofcooperation.SamplequestionnaireDirections:Thisquestionnairehasfourquestions.Eachquestionisfollowedbythreepossibleanswers.Pleasereadthe10\nquestions,andthenconsiderwhichresponsefitsyoubest.Questions:1.WhyamIclosefriendswiththispersonnow?A.Becausehe/sheissomeoneIreallyenjoysharingemotionsandspecialeventswith.B.BecausemyfriendwouldbeupsetifIendedtherelationship.C.Becausebeingfriendswithhim/herhelpsmefeelimportant.2.WhydoIspendtimewithmyfriend?A.BecausemyfriendwouldgetmadatmeifIdidn’t.B.Becauseitisfunspendingtimewithhim/her.C.BecauseIthinkitiswhatfriendsaresupposedtodo.3.WhydoIlistentomyfriend’sproblems,ortowhatmyfriendhastosay?A.BecausemyfriendpraisesmeandmakesmefeelgoodwhenIdo.B.Becauseit’sinterestingandsatisfyingtobeabletosharelikethat.C.BecauseIreallyvaluegettingtoknowmyfriendbetter.4.WhydoIkeeppromisestomyfriend?A.BecauseIbelieveitisanimportantpersonalqualitytoliveuptomypromisestoafriend.B.BecauseitwouldthreatenourfriendshipifIwerenottrustworthy.C.BecauseIwouldfeelbadaboutmyselfifIdidn’t.ScoringSheet:1.A3　B2　C12.A1　B2　C33.A1　B2　C34.A3　B2　C1Explanations:4~6points:Youarenotagoodfriend.Youeitherneglectyourfriend’sneedsorjustdowhathe/shewantsyoutodo.Youshouldthinkmoreaboutwhatagoodfriendneedstodo.7~9points:Youareagoodfriendbutyousometimesletyourfriendshipbecometooimportant,oryoufailtoshowenoughconcernforyourfriend’sneedsandfeelings.Trytostrikeabalancebetweenyourfriend’sneedsandyourownresponsibilities.10+points:Youareanexcellentfriendwhorecognizesthattobeagoodfriendyouneedtobalanceyourneedsandyourfriend’s.Welldone.10\n10