Unit2EnglishAroundtheWorldperiod4Section1:Approachestoprocesswriting程序写作教学法I.Pre-writing1.BrainstormingGettingstartedcanbedifficult,sostudentsdividedintogroupsquicklyproducewordsandideasaboutthewriting.2.PlanningStudentsmakeaplanofthewritingbeforetheystart.Theseplanscanbecomparedanddiscussedingroupsbeforewritingtakesplace.3.GeneratingideasDiscoverytaskssuchascubing(Studentswritequicklyaboutthesubjectinsixdifferentways.1.describeit2.compareit3.associateit4.analyseit5.applyit6.arguefororagainstit.)4.QuestioningIngroups,theideaistogeneratelotsofquestionsaboutthetopic.Thishelpsstudentsfocusuponaudienceastheyconsiderwhatthereaderneedstoknow.Theanswerstothesequestionswillformthebasistothecomposition.5.DiscussinganddebatingTheteacherhelpsstudentswithtopics,helpingthemdevelopideasinapositiveandencouragingway.II.Focusingideas1.FastwritingThestudentswritequicklyonatopicforfivetotenminuteswithoutworryingaboutcorrectlanguageorpunctuation.Writingasquicklyaspossible,iftheycannotthinkofawordtheyleaveaspaceorwriteitintheirownlanguage.Theimportantthingistokeepwriting.Laterthistextisrevised.9\n2.GroupcompositionsWorkingtogetheringroups,sharingideas.Thiscollaborativewritingisespeciallyvaluableasitinvolvesotherskills(speakinginparticular).3.ChangingviewpointsAgoodwritingactivitytofollowarole-playorstorytellingactivity.Differentstudentschoosedifferentpointsofviewandthinkabout/discusswhatthischaracterwouldwriteinadiary,witnessstatement,etc.4.VaryingformSimilartotheactivityabove,butinsteadofdifferentviewpoints,differenttexttypesareselected.Howwouldthetextbedifferentifitwerewrittenasaletter,oranewspaperarticle,etc.III.Evaluating,structuringandediting1.OrderingStudentstakethenoteswritteninoneofthepre-writingactivitiesaboveandorganizethem.Whatwouldcomefirst?Why?Hereitisgoodtotellthemtostartwithinformationknowntothereaderbeforemovingontowhatthereaderdoesnotknow.2.Self-editingAgoodwritermustlearnhowtoevaluatetheirownlanguage─toimprovethroughcheckingtheirowntext,lookingforerrors,structure.Thiswaystudentswillbecomebetterwriters.3.PeerEditingandproofreadingHere,thetextsareinterchangedandtheevaluationisdonebyotherstudents.Intherealworld,itiscommonforwriterstoaskfriendsandcolleaguestochecktextsforspelling,etc.Youcouldalsoaskthestudentstoreducethetexts,toeditthem,concentratingonthemostimportantinformation.4.TheimportanceoffeedbackIttakesalotoftimeandefforttowrite,andsoitisonlyfairthatstudentwritingisrespondedtosuitably.Positivecommentscanhelpbuildstudentconfidenceandcreategoodfeelingforthenextwritingclass.Italsohelpsifthereaderismore9\nthanjusttheteacher.Classmagazines,swappingletterswithotherclasses,etc.canprovideaneasysolutiontoprovidingarealaudience.5.WritingascommunicationProcesswritingisamoveawayfromstudentswritingtotesttheirlanguagetowardsthecommunicationofideas,feelingsandexperiences.Itrequiresthatmoreclassroomtimeisspentonwriting,butasthepreviouslyoutlinedactivitiesshow,thereismorethanjustwritinghappeningduringasessiondedicatedtoprocesswriting.6.PotentialproblemsWritingisacomplexprocessandcanleadtolearnerfrustration.Aswithspeaking,itisnecessarytoprovideasupportiveenvironmentforthestudentsandbepatient.Thisapproachneedsthatmoretimebespentonwritinginclass,butasyouhaveseen,notallclassroomtimeisspentactuallywriting.Studentsmayalsoreactnegativelytoreworkingthesamematerial,butaslongastheactivitiesarevariedandtheobjectivesclear,thentheywillusuallyacceptdoingso.Inthelongterm,youandyourstudentswillstarttorecognisethevalueofaprocesswritingapproachastheirwrittenworkimproves.Section2:BackgroundinformationonEnglishAroundtheWorldI.BritishEnglish,AmericanEnglishandChineseCarsandDrivingBritishEnglishAmericanEnglishChinesecarparkparkinglot停车场drivinglicensedriver'slicense驾照flyoveroverpass天桥fourwaycrossroads十字路口hirecarrentalcar租用车motorwayfreeway(WesternU.S.)高速公路9\nexpressway(EasternU.S.)petrolgasoline(gas)汽油tyretire轮胎windscreenwindshield挡风玻璃FoodBritishEnglishAmericanEnglishChinesebiscuitcookie饼干chipsFrenchfries炸土豆片crispspotatochips油炸土豆片jacketpotatobakedpotato带皮烤的马铃薯jamjelly酱mincehamburger碎牛肉；牛肉饼porridgeoatmeal稀饭puddingdessert布丁；甜点sweetdessert餐后甜点tincan罐头OthersBritishEnglishAmericanEnglishChineseautumnfall秋天billcheck清单binlinertrashbag垃圾袋botanicgardenbotanicalgarden植物园bracessuspenders吊裤带；吊杆charitynon-profitorganization慈善机构chemist’spharmacy/drugstore药店cinemamovietheater,theater电影院coachbus长途汽车DIYdoityourself自己动手做9\ndustbintrashcan垃圾箱engaged(asintelephone)busy（电话）占线fee(forschooling)tuition学费fit(verb)equip,fitout安装flatapartment单元住宅footballsoccer足球freephonetoll-free免费电话toll-freedress(noun)外衣；服装gentsmen’sroom男厕headmasterprincipal男厕hire(hireacar)rent(rentacar)租借holidayvacation假日illsick有病的infutureinthefuture未来，将来inhospitalinthehospital住院jointhetraingetonthetrain上火车jumpersweater毛线衫licence(noun)license执照liftelevator电梯lorrytruck卡车mathsmath数学nilzero零notebill纸币onstreamonline在生产中postmail邮件queueline长队railwayrailroad铁路returnroundtrip返程rise(noun-insalary)raise加薪9\nrubbereraser橡皮擦rucksackbackpack背包shoppingtrolleyshoppingcar购物手推车“sorry”“excuseme”,“pardonme”对不起stand(forelection)run(forelection)竞选swearwordcurseword咒语subwayunderpass餐巾subwayunderpass地下道；地铁teatoweldishtowel餐巾telephoneboxtelephonebooth电话亭toiletrestroom厕所torchflashlight火炬trainerssneakers运动鞋transport(noun)transportation运输trouserspants裤子trolleycart手推车tubesubway地铁undergroundsubway地铁vestundershirt背心waistcoatvest马甲II.DifferentEnglish,differentspellingsAmericanEnglishtheater,center,litercolor,honor,labor,favor,vaportraveler,woolenBritishEnglishtheatre,center,litrecolour,honour,labour,favour,vapourtraveler,woolenskilful,fulfil9\nskillful,fulfillcheckprogramstoryrealize,analyze,apologizedefense,offense,licenseburneddreamedsmelledspelledspoiledchequeprogrammestoreyrealise,analyse,apologisedefence,offence,licenceburnt/burneddreamt/dreamedsmelt/smelledspelt/spelledspoilt/spoiledIII.Websitesrecommendedtothestudents推荐网站www.e-l-e.net.cnwww.bg-map.comwww.esl.about.comwww.english-zone.comwww.effingpot.comwww.topics-mag.comGoingtoanyofthewebsitesmayenablethestudentstolearnmoreaboutthedifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish.Section3:WordsandexpressionsfromUnit2EnglishAroundtheWorldInclude1.v.tobeoneoftheparts;tomakesomethingorsomeonepartofalargergroup:Ourtourpartyincludedseveralretiredcouples.Theteamislookingstrong;especiallynowtheyhaveincludedBeckham.2.including&included:Everyonehastogotothedentist’s,youincluded.Thereweretwelveofus,includingTomandme.role:n.1.thecharacterplayedbyanactorinaplayorfilm;thepositionthatsomeonehasinsocietyoranorganization:Matthewsplaystheroleofayoungdoctorinthefilm.Womenareoftenforcedintoasupportiveroleinthefamily.2.playaleading/major/keyrolein=beimportantinmakingchangeshappen:MandelaplayedaleadingroleinendingapartheidinSouthAfrica.9\nbecauseof=astheresultofaparticularthingorsomeone’saction:Hehadtoretirebecauseofillhealth.c.f.Shegotthejobbecauseshewasthebestcandidate.native:1.adj.yournativecountryortownistheplacewhereyouwereborn:Theyneversawtheirnativelandagain.2.nativelanguage/tongue:thelanguageyouspokewhenyoufirstlearnedtospeak.3.n.apersonwhowasborninaparticularplace：AreyouanativeofNewYork?comeup:1.tobementioned：Alotofnewquestionscameupatthemeeting.2.tobeabouttohappensoon：Don’tyouhaveabirthdaycomingupsoon?3.tomovenearsomeoneorsomethingbywalking:Comeuptothefrontoftheroomsoeveryonecanseeyou.Otherverbalphrasesof“come”comeabout=tohappeninawaythatseemsimpossibletocontrol;comeacross=tomeetorfindsomethingorsomeonebychance;comealong=getalong;toappearatatimeyoudon’texpect;toencouragesb.totryharder;comeby=toobtainsomethingthatisdifficulttofind;comeupwith=tothinkofanidea;(Thesmallword“come”hasmanyphrasalverbs.Itisbettertoaskthestudentstorefertoagooddictionary.)present:adj.1.bepresent:a)tobeinaparticularplace:Howmanypeoplewerepresentatthemeetingyesterday?(oppositeof“absent”)b)toberememberedforalongtime:Thememoryofthedisasterlastyearisstillpresentinhermind.2.(onlybeforenoun)existingnow:What’syourpresentaddress?c.f.Whathesaidamusedallthepeoplepresent.suchas:usedtogiveanexampleofsomething;such…as/that:usedtoemphasizethatthereisasmallamountofsomethingorthatitisofgoodquality:Thelocaleconomystillreliesontraditionalindustriessuchasfarmingandmining.c.f.Suchfoodastheygaveuswaswarmandnutritious.Command:1.vi&vt.totellsomeoneofficiallytodosomething,esp.ifyouareamilitaryleaderorakingtogetsomethingsuchasattentionorrespect:Thegeneral9\ncommandedthattheregiment(should)attackatonce.OrTheGeneralcommandedtheregimenttoattackatonce.Dr.Youngcommandsagreatdealofrespectasasurgeon.2.get/haveagoodcommandofEnglish=toget/haveagoodmasteryofEnglish.request:1.vt.toaskforsomethingpolitelyorformallyrequestthat(should)+v/requestsb.todosth.:Thestaffrequestedthathereconsiderhisdecision.Allclubmembersarerequestedtoattendtheannualmeeting.2.n.apolitedemandforsomething:Theyhavemadeaurgentrequestforinternationalaid.recognize:vt.1.toknowwhosomeoneisorwhatsomethingis,becauseyouhaveeverseenthemoritbefore:Susancamehomesothinandweakthatherownchildrenhardlyrecognizedher.2.toacceptthatanorganizationhaslegalorofficialauthority:BritishmedicalqualificationsarerecognizedinCanada.3.berecognizedas=tobethoughtofasbeingverygoodbyalotofpeople:JulesVerne’snovelwasrecognizedasaworkofgenius.9