Unit4EarthquakesPeriod4Section1:AtextstructureanalysisofANIGHTTHEEARTHDIDN’TSLEEPI.TypeofwritingandsummaryofthemainideaTypeofwritingThisisapieceofdescriptivewritingMainideaofthepassageThearticledescribesthecause,thecourseandtheresultofTangShanearthquakein1976.Itshowsustheterribleimageofearthquake.Atthesametimeithitsusthatwemustrealizethatwecandosomethingtominimizethedamagecausedbyearthquake.Topicsentenceof1stparagraphStrangethingswerehappeninginthecountrysideinnortheastHebei.Topicsentenceof2ndparagraphEverythingbegantoshakeanditseemedthattheworldwasatanend.Topicsentenceof3rdparagraphEverywheretheylookednearlyeverythingwasdestroyed.Topicsentenceof4thparagraphAllhopewasnotlost.II.AtextstructureanalysisReadthetext“ANIGHTTHEEARTHDIDN’TSLEEP”,andthencompletethefollowingchart.Time/orderWhathappenedResultthreedaysbeforetheearthquakeatabout3:00amSaw:crackswaterinthewells---roseandfell,[来源:animals---toonervous,hidefishjumpedoutofbowls&pondsbrightlightintheskywaterpipes---crackedandburstheard:soundofplanessmelt:smellygasinthecracksofthewellsPeoplethoughtlittleoftheeventsandwenttobedasusual9\nat3:42amfelt:everythingshookone-thirdnationfeltitheardinBeijing100kilometersawayahugecrackcutacrosshouses,roads…saw:steamburstfromholesinthegroundhardhillsofrock-riversofdirtcitylayinruins4400,000peoplekilled/injured75%factories90%homeweregonebrickscovereddams/bridgesfellnotsaferailwaytracksuselesscowsnevermilkpigs/chickensdiedwellsfilledwithsandrescueworkersanddoctorstrappedundertheruinsbuildingsfelldownwater/food/electricityhardtogetafterthathopenotlostarmysent150,000soldiersworkersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorsfreshwaterwastakentothecitythecitybegantobreatheagain[来源:III.AretoldversionofthetextOnepossibleversionStrangethingshappenedinTangShan.Forthreedaysthewaterinthevillagewellsroseandfell.Thewellwallshaddeepcracksandasmellygascameoutthecracks.Thechickens,pigsandmiceweretoonervous.Fishjumpedoutofbowlsandponds.Brightlightappearedinthesky.Peopleheardthesoundofplanesevenwhennoplaneswereinthesky.Thewaterpipesinsomebuildingscrackedandburst.At3:42ameverythingbegantoshake.Itseemedthattheworldwasattheend!One-thirdofthenationfeltit.Ahugecrackcutacrossthecity.Infifteenterrible9\nsecondsalargecitylayinruins.Two-thirdsofthepeoplediedorwereinjured.Nearlyeverythingwasdestroyedinthecity.75%ofitsfactoriesand90%ofitshomesweregone.Thenlaterthatafternoon,anotherbigearthquakeshookTangshan.Peoplebegantowonderhowlongthedisasterwouldlast.Butallhopewasnotlost.Thearmysent150,000soldierstohelpthem.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivors.Slowly,thecitybegantobreatheagain.Section2:BackgroundinformationonEARTHQUAKESI.ZhangHengZhangHeng(张衡)(78AD—139AD)wasanastronomer,mathematician,artistandliteraryscholar（文学学者）intheEasternHanDynastyofChina.Bornintoday’sNangyangCounty,Henan,hewasagoodwriteratage12.Attheageof16,helefthometopursue(从事)hisstudyingthecapitalcity.Hespentatleast10yearsofhisyouthinliterarystudiesandwriting.Hepublishedseveralwell-recognizedliterarywritings.Heswitchedto(转向)astronomyafterage30.Intheyear123hecorrectedthecalendartobringitintolinewiththeseasons.In132ZhangHenginventedthefirstseismograph(地震仪)formeasuringearthquakes.Hisdevicewasintheshapeofacylinder(圆柱体)witheightdragonheadsaroundthetop,eachwithaballinitsmouth.Aroundthebottomwereeightfrogs,eachdirectlyunderadragonhead.Whenanearthquakeoccurred,aballfelloutofthedragon’smouthintoafrog’smouth,makinganoise.Healsoinventedtheodometer(里程表)ZhangHengwasthefirstpersoninChinatoconstructarotatingcelestialglobe.Inoneofhispublicationshealsoproposedπ=730/232(orabout3.1466).II.EarthquakeSurvivalTipsWouldyouknowwhattododuringareallybigearthquake?Expertshavelookedintomattercarefully.Itmaybeworthyouwhiletolookoverthefollowingtipstheyhaveforus.9\nIfthegroundbeginsshakingwhileyouaredriving,pulloverandstayinyourcar.Ifyouareinabuilding,trytogetnearastrongwall.Thecorneroftheroomorthespaceunderabigdoorwayisthesafest.Assoonasthequakeisover,checkthegaspipeinthebuilding.Gasfiresoftenresultfromearthquakes.Thesetipsmayprovetobelifesavers.Weshould,therefore,keeptheminmind.Remembertoalwayshopeforthebestbutpreparefortheworst.EscapeintheSchoollIfithasanearthquakewhenhavingclasses,thestudentsshouldlistentotheteacher’sinstruction,protecttheirheadsandhideunderthedesks.lIfithasanearthquakewhenthestudentsareinthesportsground,theycancrouchonthespotandprotecttheirheadswithhands.Besuretokeepawaywithhighbuildinganddangerousobjects.lDon’tgobacktotheclassroom.lRetreatinorderaftertheearthquake.EscapeinPublicPlacesListentothecommandofthesiteworkers.Don’tbescaredanddon’trushtowardstheexits.Trytoavoidcrowds.Avoidtobesqueezedtothewallorbarriers.lAttheatersandgyms:crouchdownorslipunderthechairs;avoidsuspendinglightsandelectricfans;protecttheheadwithschoolbags;aftertheearthquake,listentothecommandoftheworkers,retreatinanorganizedway.lIndepartmentstores,bookstores,museumsorsubway:findfirmcounters,commodities(lowfurnitureetc.)orapillar,orthecornerofawalltocrouchdownonthespot,protecttheheadswithhandsorotherobjects;keepawayfromglasswindows,glasscountersorshowcounters;keepawayfromtallcupboards;keepawayfromadvertisementboardsandothersuspendingobjects.lOnbusesortrolleybuses:Graspthehandlestoavoidbeinginjured;lowerthecenterofgravity;hideneartheseats;getoffaftertheearthquakepassed.9\nSection3:WordsandexpressionsI.Wordsforreading1.imaginevt.formapictureofinthemind；thinkof(sth.)asprobable：想象；认为（某事）可能发生或存在。宾语为名词、代词、动名词、从句。宾语从句为否定意义时，要用否定转移，与think,believe,suppose,expect用法相同，成为I/Wedon’timagine…,意为“我（们）认为……不……如：Wecanimaginehersadness.我们可以想象她的悲伤。Ididn’timagine(my)becomingateacherinmychildhood.在童年时代，我并未想象能成为一名教师。CanyouimaginehowmuchIwassurprisedtohearthenews?你能想象我听见这个消息有多惊讶吗？Idon’timagineso.=Iimaginenot.我认为不是这样。cf.imagine,guess,supposeimagine意为“想象，幻想”，指在脑海中形成一个清晰明确的印象，或认为某事物可能发生或存在;guess：formanopinion,giveananswer,makeastatement,basedonsupposition,notoncarefulthought,calculation,ordefiniteknowledge:“猜测，臆测”，指未知道前的猜测;suppose:letitbethoughthat;takeitasafactthat:认定，假定；guess;think:“想象，推测”，意指“假定或假设中的情形”。2.cf.shake,trembleshake:move,bemoved,quicklyorviolentlyupanddown,forwardsandbackwards:最普通用词，可指人或物“摇动，发抖”。指人时常用于感情激动、寒冷、惧怕引起的身体颤动。在表示“因……而颤抖”时，多用with。在表示“使受震撼，使（信念等）动摇”，常用于beshakenby/with/at中。tremble:shakeinvoluntarily(withfear,anger,cold,physicalweakness,etc.)颤栗,震颤,发抖(因恐惧,愤怒,寒冷,体弱等)，常常与shake相互替换，但指握手，摇头或捧腹大笑时用shake,tremble只用作不及物动词。如：Thepoorboywasshakingwithcold.这个孩子正冻的发抖。Theywerebadlyshakenbythenews.他们对这个消息大为震惊。Thehostshookhandswithalltheguests.主人跟所有的客人握手。Hervoicewastremblingwithanger.她气的声音发抖。3.cf.rise,raise9\nrisevi.(ofthesun,moon,stars,river,price,temperature,etc.)appearabovethehorizon:指自然“上升”，常用于日、月、云、霞、烟、水蒸气、物价、温度、河水、潮水及人的职位等：Herosefromhischairandbeganhisspeech.他从椅子上站起来开始了他的演说。Hertemperatureisstillrising.他的体温还在上升。Hehasriseninrank.他已经升职了。raisevt.1.liftup;movefromalow(er)toahigh(er)level;causetorise:外部的力量，“举起、提高”：Thepeople’slivingstandardhasgreatlybeenraised.人民的生活水平已大大的提高了。2．groworproduce(crops);breed(sheep,etc.);bringupafamily:饲养、种植”、养育、抚育：Theycanraisericehere.他们这儿能种水稻。4.burstinto/burstout:sendoutsuddenly;breakoutinto;suddenlybeginto……burstinto+doing:Sheburstintotears.=Sheburstoutcrying.她突然哭起来了。burstout+n.：Allofthemburstintolaughter=Allofthemburstoutlaughing.他们全都大笑起来了。5.cf.destroy,ruin,damagedestroy:breaktopieces;makeuseless;putanendto:毁灭；摧毁；毁坏；破坏。表示在肉体上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁，使之无法复原，也可以表示对某物体进行完全的毁坏:Allhishopesweredestroyed.他所有的希望都毁灭了。Anatombombwoulddestroyacity.一颗原子弹可以摧毁一座城市。ruin:sth.whichhasdecayed,beendestroyed,etc.:败坏，毁坏，崩溃的状态。指对物体或生命彻底的破坏，但往往是非暴力的，也往往不是一次的打击结果，常指对美好的或希望中的事物的破坏:Smokingruinedhishealth.吸烟毁了他的健康。Sheruinedhisprospects.她毁了他的前途。damage:harmorinjurythatcauseslossofvalue:损害；损毁（使失去价值）。一般指对物体或生命的局部损坏：Theirhousesweredamagedbytheenemy’sshellfire.他们的房屋被敌人的炮火击毁了。6.cf.hurt,wound,injurehurt:causebodilyinjuryorpainto;damage;pain(aperson,hisfeeling):使受伤；使疼痛；伤害；使伤心。一般用语，即可指肉体上的伤害，也可指精神上的伤害，还可用作不及物动词，意为“疼痛、惹起痛苦”:Whathesaidhurtme9\ndeeply.他说的话使我非常伤心。wound:hurtorinjurytothelivingtissueofthebody,causedbycutting,shooting,tearing,etc.,esp.astheresultofattack:指外伤，如枪伤、刀伤、剑伤，尤指在战争中，战斗中受伤:Hegotwoundedinthefighting.他在战斗中受了伤。injure:hurt;damage,esp.forresultofanaccident;一般指由于意外或事故而受伤。如：Hewasbadlyinjuredintheaccident.他在这次事故中受了重伤。Smokingwillinjureyourhealth.吸烟会毁了你的健康。7.cf.shock,astonish,surpriseshockvt./n:tocauseusuallyunpleasantorangrysurpriseto(sb.):震惊，打击，吃惊程度最大，后面常跟介词at/by构成词组beshockedat/by，表示“对……吃惊”，或接不定式表示原因，也可作名词，意为“震动，打击”:Hewasshockedbywhatyousaid.他对你说的话感到震惊。Hewasshockedtoknowhissonplayingallday.他知道他的儿子整天玩大为震惊。Thenewsgavemeagreatshock.这个消息给了我很大的打击。astonishvt./n:surprisegreatly.语气比surprise要强，含有令人难以置信:IwasastonishedtoseehiminTibet.在西藏见到他，真感到惊异。Thenewsastonishedeveryone.这个消息使每个人都很震惊。surprisevt./n:(feelingcausedby)sth.suddenorunexpected:最普通用词，意为“使惊讶，使吃惊”，含有“意想不到”之意。如：Iwassurprisedtoseethegreatchangesinmyhometown.看到家乡的巨大变化他惊讶不已。Hisfailuredidn’tcausemuchsurprise(wasnotagreatsurprise.)他的失败未引起很大的惊奇（并非很意外的事）。II.Wordsforusinglanguage1.congratulationn1）（withon）anexpressionofjoyforsb.’success,goodfortune,luck,etc.:庆贺，祝贺，常用复述形式，并与介词on搭配，构成短语congratulationsonsth./doing….2）Congratulations(onyourwinningtheraces)！恭喜（你获得了胜利）！Iofferedmycongratulationsonhissuccess.我对他的成功表示了祝贺。3）congratulatev.(withon.)tospeakto(aperson)withpraiseandadmirationforahappyeventorsth.successfullydone:意为“向某人表示祝贺，向某人道贺”，构成短语congratulatesb.onsth./dong….congratulateoneselfthat结构中：Wecongratulatedhimonhavingpassedtheexamination.我们祝贺他通过了考试。Hecongratulateshimselfonhavingchosenagoodwomantobehis9\nwife.他暗自庆幸自己挑选了一位贤惠的女子作妻子。2.cf.especially,speciallyespecially:toanexceptionaldegree;inparticular:特殊地，尤其，常用于正式文体中:Thisisaverycommonword,especiallyinspokenEnglish.这是一个很普通的词，尤其在英语口语中。Shelikesthecountry,especiallyinspring.她喜欢这个国家，尤其是春天。specially:foraparticularpurpose:特别地，专门地，表示“为了特别的目的”：Thiscakewasspeciallymadeforyou.这个蛋糕是专门为你做的。3.cf.beknownas,beknownfor,beknowntosb.beknownas作为……而闻名；beknownfor以/因……而闻名；beknowntosb.为……而熟悉。如：Hewasknownasaexcellentsinger.他作为一名优秀的歌手而闻名。Thecityisknownforitslonghistory.这座城市以它的悠久的历史闻名。Heisknowntothepoliceasathief.警察都知道他是个小偷。III.Explanationofdifficultsentences1.Itseemedthattheworldwasatanend.似乎世界末日来临。seem连系动词，似乎，好象1）seem+(tobe)+adj./n.2）seem+todo3）seem+like+n.4）Itseems/seemed(tosb.)+that-clause如：OurEnglishteacherseemstobeakindman.Heseemstoknoweverything=Itseemsthatheknowseverything.Itseemslikeyearssincewelastmet.ItseemsthatIhaveseenherbefore.=Iseemtohaveseenherbefore.2.Everywheretheylookednearlyeverythingwasdestroyed.人们无论朝哪里看，几乎一切都被毁了。everywhere用作连词，等于wherever,nomatterwhere，引起让步状语从句。如：EverywhereIgo,Ifindthesamething.无论我去哪儿，我都看到一样的东西。Youseeiteverywhereyoulook.无论你往哪儿看，你都会看到它。3.…90%ofitshomesweregone.90%的家都不存在了。9\n是过去分词作表语，意为“不在”“走了”“丢了”“用完了”，或指人“死了”。分数、百分数作主语，谓语动词要根据分数、百分数代表的量是可数名词还是不可数名词而定。如：Hisjobwasgone.他的工作丢了。Mywatchwasgone.我的表不见了。He’llbegoneforquitealittlewhile.他要离开很长一段时间。50%ofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.我们班50%的学生是女生。Two-thirdsoftheearthsurfaceiscoveredwithwater.地球表面的三分之二是水。4.Thearmyorganizedteamstodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.救援人员组成小分队，将被困的人挖出来，将死者掩埋。thosewho相当于意为“凡……的人”，表示的是两者以上的不定数量，who引导的定语从句用复数，不能用that代替。（注意：anybodywho,hewho中谓语动词用单数。）thedead意为“死难者”。形容词或分词前加表示同一类人或物，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：Thosewhowanttoseethefilmwriteyournamesonthepaper.想看电影的人把你们的名字写在这张纸上。Anybodywhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.任何人犯法都要受到惩罚。Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.谁笑在最后，谁笑的最好。Thericharenotalwayshappy.有钱人并不总是幸福的。5.Tothenorthofthecity,mostofthe10,000minerswererescuedfromthecoalmines.在城市的北部，一万矿工中的大多数从矿井中被救出。inthenorth,tothenorth与onthenorthin表示“在其中”，在境界内；to表示在境外，不接壤；on表示接壤。如：ChinaliesintheeastofAsia.中国位于亚洲东部。JapanliestotheeastofChina.日本位于中国的东面。（指在中国境外）ChinafacesthePacificontheeast.中国东临太平洋。（指东部境界与太平洋相接）9