Period2　LearningaboutLanguageTheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodThisperiodisabouttheusefulwords,expressionsandstructureslearnedinthereadingpart,fromtheexercisesinthisperiod,thestudentscanconsolidatewhattheylearntinthereadingpart,andlearnthegrammaraboutthe-ingformasanoun.TeachingImportantPointsLearnhowtousethe-ingformasanoun.TeachingDifficultPointsLearntousethe-ingformasasubjectaswellasanobject.TeachingMethodsAsking-and-answeringactivitytocheckthestudents’answersoftheexercises;individual,pairorgroupworktofinisheachtask.TeachingAidsAmulti-mediacomputerAblackboardThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeandSkillsLearnsomekeywords:trial,consider,prove,tellthetruth,pretend,thinkhighlyof,besidesLearnsomeimportantdrills:IthinkhighlyofthosewhoaresearchingfortheAmberRoom.Besides,myfatheroncetoldmethatanypersonwhofindssomethingcouldkeepit.ImustsaythatIagreewithyou.ImustsaythatIdon’tagreewithyou.Helpthestudentslearnhowtousethe-ingformasanoun.Enablethestudentstolearnhowtomakejudgmentsandgivetheiropinions.ProcessandStrategiesTheteachermayleadthestudentstosumupsomegrammaticalitemsthemselves.Givesomenecessaryexplanation.FeelingsandValueThroughthestudyingofthispartthestudentswillknowmoreaboutthe-ingformasanoun.Besides,theirabilityoftransferencewillbestrengthened.TeachingProceduresStep1Revision1.Greetings.2.AskthestudentstousethefirstpersontoretellthepassageaboutDrYuan,andaskthemtotrytousetheproperconjunctions.Step2UsefulwordsandexpressionsT:Fromthereadingpart,wecanfindsomeusefulwordsandexpressions.Sonowpleasefindthewordsandexpressionsthatmeansthesamefromthetext.(Ex.1onPage11)Aftertwominutes,theteacherbeginstochecktheanswersandgivetherightanswers:Suggestedanswers:1.sunburnt　2.hunger　3.rid...of　4.expand　5.circulate　6.leada...life　7.wouldrather　8.thanksto　9.struggle　10.exportT:NowLet’scometoEx.2.Pleasecompletethepassagewithwordsandexpressionsfromtheprevioussections,thenI’llaskyoutogivemetheanswerssentencebysentence.,Afterseveralminutes,theteacheraskthestudentstogivetheiranswers.Suggestedanswers:1.prove　2.wouldrather　3.livea　4.life　5.rid　6.of　7.output　8.increased　9.sunburntT:HowaboutEx.3,haveyoufoundtheanswers?I’dliketoasksomeofyoutoreadthesentencesandthengivemetheanswers.Suggestedanswers:1.super　2.satisfied　3.strain　4.exported　5.suitableStep3DiscoveringusefulstructuresT:Let’scometodiscoveringusefulstructures,atfirstlet’sfinishtheexercisesinthispart.Doyouknowwhatdoes“evenapoorpersoncanhaveawish”mean?S:Itmeans“Wishingforthingscostsnothing.”T:Verygood!NowpleaserewritethesentencesinEx.2onPage12.Afterfiveminutes,theteachercheckstheanswers.(Ssanswerthequestionsonebyone.)Suggestedanswers:1.Helpingpeopleinneedofhelpisnice.2.Growinghybridriceisn’teasy.3.Learningmoreaboutfarmingisn’tdifficult.4.Doingresearchinthecountrysideisn’teasy.5.GettingridofhungerisveryimportantinsomeAfricancountries.6.Explainingthisagainisimportantorwewillgetconfused.T:Doyouthinkit’sveryeasytolearnaboutthe-ingformasthesubject?Buthowaboutthe-ingformastheobject?NowI’dliketochecktheanswersofEx.3onPage12.(Ssgivetheanswersonebyone.)Suggestedanswers:1.DrYuanlikestalkingtoricegrowersabouthiswork.2.Hecontinueddoingresearchuntilabetterstrainofricewasfound.3.Manycitykidslookforwardtovisitingthecountryside.4.Notallstudentsenjoyworkinginthefields.5.Theystartedproducinghybridricein1974.6.IremembermeetingthescientistwhilehewasinBeijinglasttime.Step4GrammarT:Today,wearegoingtolearnthev.-ingasanoun.Soatfirstwhocantellmewhatanouncanbeusedasinasentence?Andpleasegivemesomeexamples.S:Itcanbeusedassubject.Forexample:Smokingisharmfultoourhealth.T:NowIthinkyouhaveknownhowtousethev.-ingassubject.Buthowaboutothers?S:Itcanalsobeusedasobject.Forexample:Ihaveforgottenseeingthisfilm.T:Youareright.Thev.-ingformcanbeusedasobject,too.Nowlet’scometoknowmoreaboutit.T:Verygood.(Theteachermaygiveasystematicalexplanationofthegrammar.)Step5Homework1.FinishtherelatedexercisesonWorkbook.2.Prepareforthenextclass.3.Finishtheexercisesaboutthe-ingformasthesubjectandobject.TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboardUnit2　WorkingthelandPeriod2　Learningaboutlanguage1.chemicaladj.化学的;关于化学的,chemistryn.化学2.Phrasesthatcanbeusedwiththe-ingform:begoodat;care(little)about;dreamof;devote...to;seetheneedfor;beafraidof;beconcernedabout;beinterestedinRecordafterTeachingActivitiesandResearchWhenleadinginthegrammarpart,youmaygivethestudentssomeexamplesaboutthe-ingformasanounandencouragethestudentstosumupthegrammaticalrules.Thentheteachermayaskthestudentstomakeupasmanysentencesaspossibletoconsolidateit.ReferenceforTeachingGrammar动名词一、概述和不定式一样,动名词也是非谓语动词的一种,它通常由动词原形加-ing构成。动名词有主动和被动两种语态,有一般式,完成式和进行式三种形式。如下表所示:态时态语主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone完成进行式havingbeendoing无动名词仍保留有动词的特征,可以和自己的逻辑主语、宾语和状语等构成动名词短语。动名词具有名词的功能,在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。二、动名词的时态和语态形式1.动名词的时态形式①一般式动名词的一般式表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作同时发生,或者表示一种无时间性限制的经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。HeenjoyswritinglettersinEnglish.他喜欢用英语写信。Manyyoungpeoplelikeplayingfootball.许多年轻人喜欢踢足球。②完成式动名词的完成式表示动作或状态先于谓语动词的动作或状态,如:Theyregrethavingbeenunabletohelpyou.他们为没能帮上你的忙而遗憾。Afterhavingwrittentheletter,hewenttopostit.他写完信,就去寄它了。Sheregrettedhavingmissedthefilm.她后悔没有看到那部电影。③完成进行式动名词的完成进行时表示动作发生于谓语动作之前,并一直持续到谓语动词的动作发生之时,或继续。如:Forgivemeformyhavingbeeninterruptingyousomuch.原谅我打扰你这么久。2.动名词的被动式当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的承受者时,用被动式。如:Heclimbedthroughthewindowwithoutbeingseen.他从窗口爬进去,没有被人发现。,Sheneedstoworkwithoutbeingdisturbed(=withoutpeopledisturbher).她要在无人干扰的情况下才能工作。动名词的被动语态分成一般式和完成式两种。如:Therailwayisintheprocessofbeingconstructed.铁路在兴建中。AfterhavingkeptaprisonerintheBastilleformanyyears,DrManettehadrecentlybeensetfree.曼奈特医生被关在巴士底监狱许多年后,最近获释。特别提示:-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,总是用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义,相当于“tobe+过去分词”。如:Mywatchneedsrepairing(=toberepaired).我的手表需要修理。Thehousewantscleaning.这房屋需要打扫。在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样。如:Thefilmisworthseeing.这部影片值得一看。Theplaceisworthvisiting.那个地方值得一游。三、动名词的否定式动名词的否定式通常是在动名词前加否定词not。例如:Iapologizeformynothavingkeptpromise.我没能遵守诺言,十分抱歉。Iregretnotbeingabletohelpyou.我很抱歉不能帮助你。1.作主语动名词作主语时,句子有两种形式:(1)动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。Playingtricksonothersissomethingweshouldneverdo.捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的。Learningnewwordsisveryimportantforme.学习新单词对我来说非常重要。Talkingiseasierthandoing。说比做容易。(2)用形式主语it,把真正的主语——动名词结构移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制,作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词,如useful,useless,good,fun，nouse,worth等。例如:ItisuselesstryingtoarguewithShylock.和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。It’sworthmakingtheeffort.这事值得去做。Isitanygoodtryingtoexplain?想再解释一次有好处吗?Itispleasantworkingwithyou.跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。(3)在therebe结构中作主语,这种结构的意思相当于“Itisimpossibletodo...”。例如:Thereisnohidingofevilbutnottodoit.若要人不知,除非己莫为。Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatter。这种事开不得玩笑。Therewasnoknowingwhenhewouldleave.,无法知道他什么时候离开。注意:动名词与不定式作主语时的比较:动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作,不定式则通常表示具体的动作。例如:Asachild,shefeltthatvisitingsickpeoplewasadutyandapleasure.还是个孩子的时候,她就觉得探视病人是一种责任,也是一种愉悦。BeingaguestinanAmericanhomewillbeagoodexperienceforme.到美国人家里做客对我来说将是一个极好的经历。Doingnothingisdoingill.什么也不做就是作恶。Hesaid,“Togoonlikethisisnouse.”他说:“继续这样下去是无用的。”It’sanhonourformetobeinvitedtotheparty.我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。归纳:常用-ing形式作主语的句型有:It+be+awasteoftimedoing做……是浪费时间的Itis/wasnogood/usedoing做……是没用处的Itis/washardly/scarcelyworthdoing做……不值得Itis/wasworth/worthwhiledoing做……是值得的Thereisnodoing无法……,不允许……Thereisnosenseindoing做……没有道理Thereis/wasnousedoing干……无意义Thereis/wasnothingworsethandoing没有比……更糟的Thereis/wasnopointdoing干……无意义Therewasnoknowingwherewewouldgo.我们不知道要去哪儿。Thereisnopointdoingsuchasillything.做这件傻事毫无意义。注意:Thereisnoneedtodosth.干……没必要,在此句式中todo不可换为doing。Thereisnoneedtotellher.没有必要告诉她。提示:当动名词用作主语时,其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成。Mysister’sbeingillmadeweworried.我姐姐病了,使我很担心。Yourbeingrightdoesn’tnecessarilymeanmybeingwrong.你正确未必就意味着我错了。2.作动词的宾语动名词作宾语有两种情况。一是有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语;二是有些动词既可后接动名词也可后接不定式作宾语。（1）只能后接动名词作宾语的动词,常见的有avoid,consider,enjoy,keep,finish,suggest,dislike,delay,escape,cannothelp,imagine,mind,miss,practise,cannotstand等。如:Ican’tavoidgoing.我不能不去。Haveyouconsideredlookingforonespecialfriend?你是否考虑过找一位挚友?Wemusttrytoavoidrepeatingthesamemistake.我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。Doyoufeellikehavingawalkwithmeaftersupper?,晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?Peoplecouldn’thelplaughingfoolishman.人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。这类动词还有:excuse,fancy,giveup,putoff,risk等。（2）既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词,常见的有:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,by,mean,forget,remember,hate等。A.在like,love,hate,prefer等动词之后,用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同,只是侧重点有些不同,动名词表示泛指的动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。例如:Iconsideredgoing,butIhavethiscompositiontowrite.我考虑要去,可是我要写这篇作文。Ienjoylearningaboutnewthingsfrompoliticstosportsandmusic.我喜欢从政治、体育及音乐等方面学习新的事情。Webelievethatmanymorepeoplewillprefertotravelbyair.我们相信将会有更多的人喜欢乘坐飞机旅行。在wouldlike／love／prefer之后,只能用不定式。例如:I’dprefertodothattomorrow.这事我想明天再做。I’dliketodosomeshopping,butnotduringtheday.我倒是想去购物,但又不想白天去。I’dlikeyoutomeetDrZhang.我想让你见一见张医生。Oh,Iwouldlovetobeacontestant.噢,我倒是想做个参赛者。B.在begin/start,continue之后,用动名词和不定式,意义无甚区别,尤其是当主语是人的时候。例如:Jazzstarteddevelopinginthe1920sintheSouthernStates.20年代爵士音乐在美国南部各州开始发展。Theshipstartedtoleakandbegintofillwithwater.船体开始出现漏洞,并开始进水。Hankstartedtowalkthroughthecarriagestogetbacktohisseat.汉克开始走回他自己坐的车厢。Journalistshavetostopworkingononestoryandstartworkingimmediatelyontheimportantnewone.新闻记者不得不停下手中所写的,立刻开始写最新的重要新闻。当begin/start与see,think,feel,understand等动词连用时,用不定式。例如:Theybegantounderstandhowimportanttheforestis.他们开始明白森林有多么重要。begin/start用进行式时,只能后接不定式。例如:Iwasbeginningtowonderifitwaseasyenoughtogoontheclimbing.我开始想继续往上爬会不会越来越难。I’mstartingtoputonweightagain.我又开始长胖了。C.在动词forget,remember,regret之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生,不定式表示后于谓语动作,例如:Irememberpostingtheletter.我记得我已把信寄了。I’llremembertoposttheletter.我会记着去寄信的。Ishallneverforgetseeingthefamouswriter.,我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。Don’tforgettowritetoyourmother.不要忘了给你母亲写信。Iregretmissingthereport.我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。IregrettosayIcan’ttakeyouradvice.我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。D.在try,mean之后,意义各不相同,如trytodo(设法),trydoing(试试),meantodo(打算,有意要做),meandoing(意思是,意味着)。例如:Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。Let’strydoingtheworkinginsomeotherway.我们用别的方法做这工作试试。Ididn’tmeantomakeyouangry.我并不想叫你生气。Yourplanwouldmeanspendinghours.你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。E.goondoing和goontodogoondoing继续做一直在做的事;goontodo接着做另一件事。例如:Pleasegoondoingthesameexercise.请接着做这同一个练习。Pleasegoontodotheotherexercise.请做另外一个练习。F.stopdoing与stoptodostopdoing停止做,stoptodo停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如:Westoppedtalking.我们停止了交谈。Westoppedtotalk.我们停了下来去谈话。3.作介词的宾语动名词可与介词一起构成介词短语。A.介词+动名词,如:We’vegottothinkofwaysofchangingpeople’shabits.我们得想些办法改变人们的习惯。Iapologizeforbeingsoangrywithyou.我向你道歉,刚才对你那样生气。Afterbeingawayforseveralyears,itisastrangeexperiencetoreturntotheplaceyouwerebornandbroughtup.离开几年之后再回到你生长的地方,感觉有点怪。B.动词+介词+动名词,例如:Iinsistontakingproperfoodforthisexpedition.我坚持为这次出行带足需要的食物。Insteadofsmiling,eachofthemmadeaface.同学们脸上没有笑容,相反都做了怪脸。Shewasveryinterestedinworkingforourcompany.她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。下列短语中的to都是介词,所以后面跟名词或-ing形式:devoteto,objectto,payattentionto,getdownto,leadto,lookforwardto,stickto,beusedto等。