Period2　ReadingTheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodThisisthesecondperiodofthisunit.Thisperiodfocusesonthereadingpassage,whichisaboutJohnSnowandKingCholera.Atthebeginningoftheperiod,theteachercandesignsomeactivitiestodrawthestudents’attentiontoread.Inordertoattractthestudents’attention,theteacherhadbetterofferthestudentstheopportunitiestohaveacompetitionaboutsomeinformationaboutsomescientistsmentionedintheWarmingup.ThentheteachercanmakefulluseofthequestionsinthePre-reading.Thisstepisdesignedtomakeforpreparingforunderstandingthepassage.Readingskillsareveryimportantforseniorstudents.Forthefirstreading,weintendtocultivateSs’skimmingabilityandscanningability.Firstaskthestudentstoscanitandtickoutwhat...arementionedinthepassage.Thenletthestudentsreadfasttofindoutthemainideaofeachparagraph.InordertostimulateSstotakepartintheclassactivitymoreactively,theteachercanorganizeagroupcompetitiontoseewhichgroupcanfinishthetaskfastestandbest.Forthesecondreading,thestudentsareexpectedtoknowsomedetailsaboutthepassage.Lateron,theteacherwillpresentsomequestionsforthestudentstoanswerandatthesametimetheyareaskedtofinishfillinginthechart.Thethirdtimeistoreadforfurtherinformation.ThispartisdesignedtogetSsintothehabitofreadingapassageasawhole,thatis,togetthegeneralidea.AnotherpurposeofthispartistoaskSstopayattentiontothedetails.TodevelopSs’furtherunderstandingability,theteachercandesignsomequestions,whoseanswersarebeyondlines.Sotheteacherwillhelpthemtoreadbetweenthelines,thusSscangraduallygettheabilitytounderstandtheimpliedmeanings.Inthisstep,theteacherasksSstoreaditagaininordertomakethemthinkabouttheorganizationofthewholepassage,andthismethodcanhelpthemnotonlyintheirunderstandingthispassagebutalsoinwritingashortpassage.Toconsolidatethecontentofthepassage,Ssarerequiredtoretellitaccordingtothemainidea.InordertoarousetheSs’interest;theteachercanholdacompetitionbetweengroups.Afterthestudentsunderstandthewholepassage,theyareaskedtohaveatopicdiscussion.TeachingImportantPointsHaveagoodunderstandingofthetextbydoingtheexercises.Getthestudentstolearndifferentreadingskills,especiallygistreadingandcomprehendingbeyondlines.TeachingDifficultiesKnowthemeaningsbetweenlinesandbeyondlines.Learndifferentreadingskillsfordifferentreadingpurposes.TeachingAidsMulti-mediaclassroomandothernormalteachingtools.ThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeAimHaveagoodunderstandingofthetextthroughtheexercises.AbilityAimsGraspsomereadingskills.Developtheabilitytodescribesomefamousscientists.EmotionalAims,Encouragethestudentstoworkhardattheirlessonsinordertodevotethemselvestoscience.TeachingProcedureStep1GreetingT:Hello,myfriends.Ss:Hello,MissYang.Step2RevisionT:Yesterdaywetalkedalotaboutgreatscientists.NowI’dlikeyoutoanswersomequestionstoseehowmuchyourememberaboutthem.Let’scometoagroupcompetition.Ifyouknowtheanswer,youcanjuststandup.Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyoutenmarks.Areyouready?Listencarefully.Whichscientistdiscoveredthatobjectsinwaterareliftedupbyaforcethathelpsthemfloat?Anyvolunteer?S:Archimedes.T:Right.Whowroteabookexplaininghowanimalsandplantsdevelopedastheenvironmentchanged?S:CharlesDarwin.T:Yes.Doyoustillrememberthetitleofthebook?S:OntheOriginofSpecies.T:Verygood.Whoinventedthefirststeamengine?S:JamesWatt.T:You’vedoneagoodjob.Whousedpeastoshowhowphysicalcharacteristicsarepassedfromparentstotheirchildren?S:GregorMendel.T:Canyousaysomethingabouthim?S:OK.Hisresearchgavebirthtothescienceofgenetics.T:Welldone.Whodiscoveredradium?S:MadameCurie.T:Yes,weknowsheisagreatwomanscientist.Weshouldrememberwhatshesaid.Lifeisnoteasyforanyofus.Wemustwork,andaboveallwemustbelieveinourselves.Wemustbelievethateachoneofusisabletodosomethingwell,andthat,whenwediscoverwhatthissomethingis,wemustworkhardatituntilwesucceed.T:Whoinventedthewayofgivingelectricitytoeverybodyinlargecities?S:Faraday.T:Youareright.Whowasthepainterthatstudieddeadbodiestoimprovehispaintingofpeople?S:LeonardodaVinci.T:Yes.Whoinventedalamptokeepminerssafeunderground?S:HumphreyDavy.T:Whoinventedtheearliestinstrumenttotellpeoplewhereearthquakeshappened?S:ZhangHeng.T:Doyouknowwhatheinvented?S:Heinventedseismograph.T:Whoputforwardatheoryaboutblackholes?S:StephenHawking.T:Hewroteafamousbook.What’sthetitleofit?,S:ABriefHistoryofTime.T:Allofyoudidagoodjob.Forthetimebeing,thefirst/second...groupwonthecompetition.Buttherearealotofchancesforyoutocatch.Wewillcontinueourcompetitionlater.Step3NewWordsT:TodaywearegoingtoreadanewpassageaboutanotherscientistnamedJohnSnow.Firstlet’scometonewwordsfirst.Herearesomedefinitionsofsomeofthewordsfromthistext.Pleaseworkinpairsandmatchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.A.attendB.controlC.handleD.blameE.absorbF.announceG.immediatelyH.belinkedtoI.inadditionJ.expose1.havecontrol,authority,powerover2.partofatool,bucket,drawer,etc.bywhichitmaybeheldinthehand3.takeorsuckin4.atonceorwithoutdelay5.uncover,leaveuncoveredorunprotected6.aswell,besides7.bejoinedwith,beconnectedwith8.waiton,serve,lookafter9.fixonsb.theresponsibilityforsth.doneornotdone10.makeknownSuggestedanswers:B—1　C—2　E—3　G—4　J—5　I—6　H—7　A—8　D—9　F—10Step4Pre-readingT:Therearesomanyscientiststhatwecan’tcountthem.Butallthescientistsmusthavetheirscientificattitudeandscientificwaytodoscientificresearch.NowopenyourbooksonPage1.LookatthequestionsinPre-readingquicklyanddiscussthemwithyourpartnerintwominutes.(Teachergivesthestudentstwominutestodiscuss.Afterthat,theteacherasksthemtoanswerthethreequestions.)T:First,let’stalkaboutinfectiousdiseases.Canyounamesome?Let’scometoagroupcompetitionagain.Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyoutenmarks.Ss:Birdflu,SARS,cholera...T:Whatdoyouknowaboutcholera?S:Cholerawasa19thcenturydisease.S:Cholerawasspreadbygerms.S:Itwasthemostdeadlydiseaseofitsday.S:Peoplewhoareinfectedwithitwillbeeasytodie.S:...T:Excellent.Now,let’scometoQuestion2.Howcanweproveanewideainscientificresearch?Whatorderwouldyouputthemin?Ss:findaproblem—makeupaquestion—thinkofamethod—collectresults—analysetheresults—repeatifnecessary—drawaconclusion.Step5ReadingFirstreading:ScanningT:Hereisanothergreatscientist.Maybeyouarenotfamiliarwithhim.LookathispictureonPage2.JohnSnowwasthegreatscientistwhodefeatedKingCholera.Scanthepassageandtickoutwhatarementionedinthepassage?Iwillgiveyoutwominutes.(1)JohnSnow’swish(2)JohnSnow’sattendingQueenVictoria(3)twotheoriesexplainingthecauseofCholera(4)JohnSnow’sexaminationofthesourceofthewater,(5)evidenceforthecauseofCholera(6)thesourceofallwatersupplies(7)thespreadofCholerabygermsinpollutedwaterSuggestedanswers:(1)(3)(4)(5)(7)arementionedinthepassage.Secondreading:SkimmingtofindoutthemainideaforeachparagraphT:Skimeachparagraphandfindoutthemainideaforeachone.Whenyouwanttofindthemainideaofeachparagraph,youespeciallypayattentiontothefirstsentenceandthelastone,whichmayhelpyoufindthemainideaquickly.Iwillgiveyouthreeminutestodoit.(Theteacheroffersthreeminutesforthestudentstodoit.Lateraskssomestudentstoanswer.)Suggestedanswers:Thirdreading:Detailed-readingtoanswerquestionsT:Now,let’sreadthepassagecarefullytolearnaboutmoredetails.LaterIwillletyouanswersomequestionsandfillinthechart.Let’scometoagroupcompetitionagain.Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyoutwentymarks.ScientificReportbyJohnSnowTheproblemThecauseIdea1Idea2ThemethodTheresultsIdea1or2?Why?Theconclusion1.WhatproblemexistedinLondonathistime?2.Howdidcholerakillpeople?3.Howdidheprovethesecondtheorywascorrect?4.Whatwastheresultafterhelookedintothecauseofcholera?5.Whichideawasright?Why?6.Whatconclusiondidhedraw?Suggestedanswers:ScientificReportbyJohnSnowTheproblemThousandsofpeoplediedofcholeraeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.Neitheritscause,noritscurewasunderstood.ThecauseIdea1Choleramultipliedintheairwithoutreason.Idea2Peopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.ThemethodHebegantogathertheinformation.Hemarkedonamapwhereallthedeadpeoplehadlivedandthemapgaveavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.Helookedintothesourceofthewater.TheresultsPollutedwatercarriedthedisease.PeoplewhodrankthepollutedwaterdiedofCholera.Idea1or2?Why?Idea2iscorrect.HefoundtwootherdeathsinanotherpartofLondonthatwerelinkedtothepollutedwater.Withthisextraevidence,hewasabletoannouncethatpollutedwatercarriedthedisease.Theconclusion“KingCholera”wasdefeated.,FourthReading:FurtherunderstandingT:Fromthepassage,weknowthatJohnSnowbelievedthatIdea2wasright.Howdidhefinallyproveit?Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyouthirtymarks.Ss:JohnSnowbelievedinthesecondtheorybutneededtoprovehewascorrect.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854anditspreadquicklythroughthepoorneighbourhoods,hebegantogathertheinformation.Hedeterminedtofindoutwhy.Hemarkedonamapwhereallthedeadpeoplehadlivedandthemapgaveavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.HelookedintothesourceofthewaterforBroadStreetandCambridgeStreet.Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.Inaddition,hefoundtwootherdeathsinanotherpartofLondonthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Theydiedofcholeraafterdrinkingthepollutedwater.Withextraevidence,hewasabletoannouncethatpollutedwatercarriedthedisease.FinallyKingCholerawasdefeated.T:Youreallydidagoodjob.DoyouthinkJohnSnowwouldhavesolvedthisproblemwithoutthemap?Why?Ifyougetyouranswerright,I’llgiveyouthirtymarks.S:Ithinkhewouldhavesolvedtheproblem.Buthewouldspendmoretimeintestingthetwotheoriesanditwouldbemoredifficultforhimtolookintothecauseofcholera.(Theteachershouldgivethemabouttwominutestodiscuss,andjoininthediscussionatthesametime.Afterthat,thestudentswillbeaskedtoshowtheiropinionstothewholeclass.)Step6ConsolidationT:Inthisperiod,wehavelearnedalotaboutJohnSnowandKingCholera.Whathaveyoulearnedfromit?Iwillgiveyouoneminutetoprepareforit.Ifyoursentenceisquitegood,I’llgiveyouthirtymarks.(Afteroneminute.)S1:JohnSnowwasawell-knowndoctorinLondon.S2:HeattendedQueenVictoriatoeasethebirthofherbabies.S3:Hegotinterestedintwotheoriesexplaininghowcholerakilledpeople.S4:JohnSnowhadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.S5:JohnSnowannouncedthatpollutedwatercarriedthedisease.S6:...T:Yoursentencesaresowonderfulandamazing.Iadmirethemverymuch.Whowouldliketoretellthewholepassagetous?Ifyoucan,I’llgiveyoufiftymarks.Ss:...Step7TopicdiscussionT:Nowlet’scometoourtopic.Weknowcholerawasa19thcenturydisease.Whatdiseasedoyouthinkissimilartocholeratoday?Why?Ifyoushowquiteagoodopinion,I’llgiveyouthirtymarks.ButfirstIwillgiveyoutwominutestodiscussitwithyourpartner.(Theteachershouldgivethemabouttwominutestodiscuss,andjoininthediscussionatthesametime.Afterthat,thestudentswillbeaskedtoshowtheiropinionstothewholeclass.)S:Sincealotofpeopledieofbirdflu,Ithinkbirdflutodayissimilartocholera.Nowthecauseofbirdfluisnotquiteclear,butscientistsdevotetheirlivestofindingoutthecauseandthecure.S:Inmyopinion,SARSisquitesimilartocholera.SARSisspreadbygermsintheairwhilecholeraisspreadbygermsinthepollutedwater.AlotofpeoplehavebeendyingofSARS.Ss:...,T:Thistime,thefirst/secondgroupwonthecompetition.Congratulations!T:I’dlikeyoutowriteashortpassageaboutJohnSnowaccordingtothepassage.TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboardUnit1　GreatscientistPeriod2　ReadingMainideaofeachpartScientificReportbyJohnSnowTheproblemThecauseIdea1Idea2ThemethodTheresultsIdea1or2?Why?TheconclusionResearchandActivitiesUseyourimaginationtowriteashortpassageaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuture.ImagineifyouweretofindoutthecausesofSARS,howwouldyoudoandwhatmethodswouldyouusetotestyourtheory?Youcanimitatethestructureofthereadingpassage,butyoumustmakefulluseofyourimaginationtowritewhatisdifferentfromthecauseofcholera.ReferenceforTeachingWHO:CholerainChadCouldSpreadtoSudan’sDarfurThegovernmentofChadiscallingforinternationalassistancetofightacholeraoutbreakinthecountry.TheWorldHealthOrganizationsaysitisconcernedthatthediseasecouldspreadtotheDarfurregionofwesternSudan,whichisalreadystrugglingwithhisownhumanitariancrisisduetoviolence.ThegovernmentofChadsaysmorethan2000casesofcholerahavebeenreportedinthecountry,anditexpectsthatnumbertomorethandoublebytheendoftherainyseasoninSeptember.Although,themajorityofcasesinChadarebeingreportedintheregionsurroundingthecapitalinthewest.ButtheWHOsaysitisdeeplyworriedthatitcouldspreadtoneighboringSudanandtherefugeecampssprawledacrossitstroubledwesternregionofDarfur.AnexpertwiththeWHO,Claire-liseChaignat,saysthediseaseisendemictomainlypoorerareasthatdonothaveaccesstosafewatersupplies.“Anotherfactorisalsotherefugeeslivinginrefugeecampswheretheyarelivinginclosecommunitieswithnotenoughwaterandnopropersanitation,”shesaid.“So,thatisalsoahighriskforthecommunity.So,forexample,weareverymuchscaredthat,now,inthecrisisinDarfur,orintheeasternChad,theremightbeacholeraoutbreak.Incasethegermoccursbecausethewaterandsanitationsituationissobadthatit’sreally,arealriskthatwemighthaveacholeraoutbreakthere.”Chadhasbeenbattlingapotentiallocustscourgeinthewest,andhasreceivedaninfluxofrefugeesintheeastfromthefightingtakingplaceintheDarfurregion.Thegovernmentisaskingfornearly$200000inaidtotrytocurbthespreadofcholera.CholeraoutbreaksarebeingreportedthroughoutmuchofcentralandwesternAfricathis,year,includingCameroon,SierraLeone,GuineaandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.Thediseasespreadsquicklyinareaswherewatersuppliesarecontaminatedandcausesdehydrationwithindays.Itcanleadtodeathifvictimsareuntreatedwithinaweek.CarrieGiardino,VOANews,Abidjan.ThestrainsofcholerabacteriaprevalentinChinamakechangeandexpertswarnforpossibleoutbreak.InChina’sdatabaseofepidemicstatus,apaintingdepictedwiththethreeepidemicwavesdocumentedinfiguresthestatusofcholeraepidemicinthepast40yearsthroughoutthecountry.Eachtimeoffluctuationsintheepidemicgraphwasrelatedtothechangesofcholerabacterialtyping.Thelatestdataofmonitoringshowedthatthedominatingbacterialtypeofcholeraepidemicshadanotherchangeemergingwithauniqueepidemicbacterialtype.SpecialistsoftheChineseCenterforDiseaseControl(CDC)warnedthatthepossibleaftermathofepidemicsituationresultedfromthechangesofbacterialtypeofcholeramustbedealtwithintensiveprecaution.AcademicianGaoShouyiofChineseCDCpointedoutthattheInaba1dstrainemergedpredominantlysincelastyear,hadthecharacterofwidedistributionofthesamestrain,andits16Sribosomalgeneprobehybridizationbelongedtothesamestrainseeninthemajorityoftheprovinces.InacertainlocationoftheSouthernprovinces,theeltorstrain,inadditiontotheoccurrenceofInaba1dstrain,alsopartiallyemergedwiththe1c,1b,1fstrains;however,itsribosomaltypingwasidenticalwiththepredominantepidemicInaba1dstrain,allcamefromthesamecloneline.IncertainplacesofthesouthernwestareatheOgawatypethatmutatedintoInabatypeemerged;andtheInabastrainoccurredin2001wasnotthecontinuationoftheInabastrainof2000;additionallyinanotherlocationofthesouthwesternareaanOgawa6buniqueepidemicstrainoccurred.From18-19April,aworkingconferenceofnationalpreventionandtreatmentofgastrointestinalinfectiousdiseaseswasheldinBeijingjointlysponsoredbytheChineseCDCandtheconsultativecommitteeofdiarrheaspecialistsofMinistryofHealth.TherelatedspecialistsandtheleadingmembersoftheCDCwereorganizedtocarryoutanoutspreaddiscussionuponthesubjectofpreventionandtreatmentofinfectiousdiseasesofthegastrointestinaltract,headedbycholera.OnApril17th,theCDCissuednotificationtotheCDCsystemthroughoutthecountrytocarryouttheweeklyreportofcholeraepidemicsandtheactsofreportsofthescatteredcases;measuresforaugmentationofmonitoringandretrieveofepidemicsourceswerealsoarranged.