Period4　ReadingandWritingTheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodInthisperiodtheteachingandlearningwillcenteronreadingandwriting.Asusual,theteachercanbegintheteachingwithreviewingtheformerknowledge.Thefollowingpartisthelead-in—talkingaboutsomescientists,becausethisunittalksaboutgreatscientistsandthispassageisaboutNicolausCopernicusandhistheory.Astoreadingtraining,theteachershouldstilldevelopthestudents’abilityofscanningandskimming.Soatthebeginning,getthestudentstopreparesomeknowledgeforreading.Forthatpurpose,theteacherwillfirstlyaskforinformationaboutCopernicusaccordingtowhatthestudentsalreadyknow.Thentheteachercanhavethestudentslistentothetapeandfindoutwhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse.Itisdesignedtotrainthestudents’listeningandtocheckwhetherthestudentshavepreviewedthepassagewell.Later,theteacherwillaskthestudentstoskimitandfindoutthemainideaforeachpart.Thepurposeofdoingtheseistohelpthestudentstoformthegoodhabitofreadingwithsomestrategy.Whenreadingapassage,wehadbetterfirstreaditasawhole,thatis,understandthestructureofthepassageandcatchthemainideawiththehelpofthestructureandtitle.Thefollowingstepistoreadthepassageforthedetails.Theteachercandesignsometeachingactivitiestohelpthestudentstoknowaboutmoreandmoreinformationbytakingpartinthereadingactivities.Asaresult,theteachershouldbecareful,cautiousandcreativewhendesigningthereadingactivities.Thereadingactivitieshadbetterbevarious,whichcancatchmorestudents’attention.Attheendofreading,someactivitiesshouldbedesignedtocheckthestudents’understandingbysayingsomethingaboutCopernicusandmakingupadialoguebetweenCopernicusandhisfriend.Thepracticinghelpsthestudentsimprovetheirspeakingandarousetheircreativity.Thecompetitionisheldtomakethestudentstakepartintheclassactivitiesactively.Atthesametime,letthestudentsconsiderthewritingpurpose.Besidesreading,thestudentsarealsoexpectedtolearnandpractisetheirwritingskill.Bystudyingthepassage,thestudentsshouldlearntodopersuasivewritingtochangesomeoneelse’sdecision.Theteachershouldgivethestudentssomeadviceonhowtoplanthewritinganddevelopthewriting—beginning,bodyandconclusion.TeachingImportantPointsHelpthestudentsknowaboutCopernicusandhistheory.Developthestudents’readingability.Improvethestudents’writingability.TeachingDifficultyDevelopthestudents’readingability.TeachingAidsMulti-mediaclassroomandothernormalteachingtools.ThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeAimsGetthestudentstoknowaboutCopernicusandhistheory.Learnaboutpersuasivewriting.AbilityAims,Mastertheskillofgistreading.Developthestudents’readingability,suchasskimmingandscanning.Improvethestudents’writingability.EmotionalAimsArousethestudents’interestinscienceanddevotiontoscience.TeachingProcedureStep1GreetingT:Hello,everyone.Ss:Hello,MissWang.Step2ReviewingT:LastclasswetalkedaboutQianXuesenandCarlLinnaeus.Canyousaysomethingaboutthem?S:QianXuesenisafamousChinesephysicist.S:QianXuesenoncestudiedintheUSAandthenreturnedtoChina.S:QianXuesenmadegreatcontributionstospaceresearch.S:CarlLinnaeusdevelopedasystemtoclassifyplantspeciesaccordingtothemaleandfemaleorgansinthefollowers.S:CarlLinnaeusearnedthetitle“Fatherofclassification”.Ss:...Step3Pre-readingT:Youhavedoneagoodjob.Sowehavelearnedaboutalotaboutgreatscientists,suchasJohnSnowandQianXuesen.Whoelsewouldyouliketolearnabout?Why?S1:I’dliketoknowsomethingaboutMadameCurie,becauseshewasoneofthegreatwomenscientists.S2:I’dliketoknowaboutAlbertEinstein,becauseheplaysanimportantpartinthedevelopmentofPhysics.S3:StephenHawkingbecausehehasmadegreatachievementsalthoughheisdisabled.Ss:...　T:Ifindyouareinterestedinscienceandscientists.ButtodaywearegoingtoreadaboutCopernicus.Doyouknowsomethingabouthim?S1:HewasborninPoland.S2:Hebelievedtheearthmovesaroundthesun.S3:Itwassaidthathewasburnedtodeathbecauseofhistheory.Ss:...T:Doyouwanttoknowmoreabouthim?Ss:Ofcourse.T:Solet’scometothepassageCopernicus’revolutionarytheory.Step4ListeningT:FirstI’dlikeyoutolistentothetapeandfindoutwhetherthestatementsareTorF.(Givethestudentsoneminutetoreadthestatementsandthenplaythetape.)(　　　　　)1.WhenCopernicusfoundthattheearthwasnotthecenterofthesolarsystem,hewasveryexcited.(　　　　　)2.Someastronomersfounditstrangethatsomeplanetsappearedbrighteratsometimes.,(　　　　　)3.Copernicusworkedoutthetheorybyobservationandcalculation.(　　　　　)4.Copernicusdidn’tpublishhisideasuntilhediedin1543.(　　　　　)5.AccordingtotheChristianideaofgravity,thingsfelltothegroundbecausetheearthisthecenteroftheuniverse.(Afewminuteslater.)T:Areyouready?Who’dliketohaveatry.Ifthesentenceistrue,pleasereadit.Ifitisfalse,correctit.S1:Thefirstsentenceisfalse.WhenCopernicusfoundthattheearthwasnotthecenterofthesolarsystem,hewasfrightened.S2:Thesecondstatementistrue.S3:Thethirdstatementisalsotrue.S4:Thefourthstatementisfalse.Copernicusdidn’tpublishhisideasuntilhelaydyingin1543.S5:Thefifthstatementistrue.Suggestedanswers:1.F;2.T;3.T;4.F;5.TStep5GistReadingT:Youhavedoneagoodjob.Inthinkyoupreviewedthepassagewell.Tounderstandthepassagebetter,Idividethepassageintofourparts.Readthepassagequicklyandfindoutthemainideaofeachpart.(Afterthreeminutes.)T:Haveyougotit?Generallyspeaking,ifwewanttointroducesomething,first,weusuallygiveabriefintroduction.Whataboutthemainideasofotherparts?(Askthestudentstogivetheiropinionsandintheendtheteachergivesthemtheanswer.)Suggestedanswers:Para1BriefintroductionPara2ThecauseofCopernicus’theoryParas3-4TheprocessofCopernicus’theoryPara5ThesignificanceofCopernicus’theoryStep6DetailedreadingT:ThispassagemainlytalksaboutCopernicus’theory.Solet’scomparehistheoryandthetheorybeforehim.Workinpairs.Readthepassageagainandfillinthefollowingform.BeforeCopernicus’theoryCopernicus’theory1.Godmadetheearth.2.Theearthwasthecenterofthesolarsystem.1.Thesunisthecenterofthesolarsystemandtheplanetsgoarounditexceptthemoon.2.Theearthisspinningasitgoesroundthesun.(Twominuteslater.)T:Haveyoufoundoutthedifferenttheories?Who’dliketohaveatry?S:BeforeCopernicus’theory,theybelievedGodhadmadetheearth,soitwasthecenterofthesolarsystem.T:Verygood.WhataboutCopernicus’theory?S:Copernicusfoundthatthesunisthecenterofthesolarsystemandtheplanetsgorounditexceptthemoon.T:That’sright!Anythingelse?S:Healsofoundtheearthisspinningasitgoesroundthesun.,T:Great!(Showthecompleteformtothestudentsandletthemreadit.)Justnow,weknewCopernicusdidn’tpublishhistheoryimmediatelyhefoundit.Canyoutellmewhy?S:Becausehedidn’twanttobeattackedbytheChristianChurch.Hepublisheditmanyyearslater.T:Yes.Atthattime,anyonewhowantedtochallengethetheoryoftheChristianChurchwouldbepunished,evensometimesbesentencedtodeath.IfyouwereCopernicus,wouldyouhavehiddenyourtheorysoformanyyears?Pleasegiveareason.(Twominuteslater.)T:I’dliketoknowaboutyourideas.Areyouready?Anyvolunteers?S:IfIwereCopernicus,Iwouldhavedonethesame,becauseatthattime,peopledidn’tenjoythefreedomofspeech.WhoeverchallengedtheChristianChurchwouldbepunished.Whilethereislife,thereishope.Therewouldbemorechanceformetomakemytheoryknowntothepublic.T:Itsoundsreasonable.Thankyou.Anyoneelse?S:IfIwereCopernicus,IwouldhavepublishedmyideasassoonasIfoundthem.SinceIfoundmyideaswereright,Iwouldmakethemknowntomorepeople,regardlessofdanger.Asascientist,Ishouldbebravetochallengeanddevotemyselftoscience.Ss:...T:Youhavedoneaverygoodjob.Iappreciateyourgoodideasandopinions.Step7PractisingT:Sincewehavelearnedthewholepassage,I’dlikeyoutodosomepractice.(Showthefollowingonthescreen.)1.SaysomethingaboutCopernicus.Copernicus____________________.2.MakeupadialoguebetweenCopernicusandoneofhisfriends.Copernicusshowedhisideasprivatelytohisfriendandhisfriendencouragedhimtopublishhisideas.T:FirstpleasesaysomethingaboutCopernicus.GiveasmuchinformationaspossibleabouthimbymakingsentencesbeginningwithCopernicus.S1:CopernicusisaPolandastronomer.S2:Copernicusfoundtheearthisnotthecenterofthesolarsystem.S3:Copernicusdidn’tpublishhistheoryuntil1543.S4:Copernicusmadeagreatcontributiontoastronomy.Ss:...T:I’mdeeplyimpressedbyyoursentences.Youareexcellent.FromthepassageweknowCopernicusshowedhistheorytohisfriendsandhisfriendsencouragedhimtopublishhistheory.Pleasemakeupadialogueinpairsbasedonthissituation.Wewillholdacompetitiontoseewhichgroupactsthebest.(Afterafewminutes,theteachergetsseveralpairstoactitoutanddecideswhichgroupisthebestone.)Step8WritingT:JustnowwelearnedthatCopernicusdidn’tpublishhisideasassoonashefoundhistheory.WealsotalkedaboutwhatyouwouldhavedoneifyouwereCopernicus.NowwriteashortletteraskingCopernicustopublishhisideassoeveryonecanreadthem.Firstyouneedtocollectyourideas.TherearesomesuggestedinformationonPage7.Thenyouneedtoarrangethese,ideas.Thereisaplanforit.Beginning:TellCopernicuswhoyouareandwhyyouwanthimtopublishhisideas.Paragraph2:Reason1andevidence.Paragraph3:Reason2andevidence.Summingup:Askhimtothinkagainaboutpublishinghisideas.(GiveSssometimetodoit.Askthemtodrawanoutlinefirst,anditwillhelpthemtodeveloptheirwritingskill.Thepassagewillbeclear.Iftheyhavefinishedwriting,getthemtoexchangewiththeirdeskmates.Finallyasksometoreadtheirwritingstothewholeclass.Whiledoingthis,theteachercandesignacompetitiontoarousetheirexcitement.)Step9HomeworkT:Youdidverywellinclass.There’sthehomeworkforyou.1.Previewthereadingpassageandunderlinethephrasesyouthinkimportantanduseful.2.Finishthewritingifyouhaven’tfinishedandimproveitifyouhave.TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboardUnit1　GreatscientistsPeriod4　ReadingandWritingCopernicus’revolutionaryworkMainideaofeachpart:Para1BriefintroductionPara2ThecauseofCopernicus’theoryParas3-4TheprocessofCopernicus’theoryPara5ThesignificanceofCopernicus’theoryBeforeCopernicus’theoryCopernicus’theory1.Godmadetheearth.2.Theearthwasthecenterofthesolarsystem.1.Thesunisthecenterofthesolarsystemandtheplanetsgoarounditexceptthemoon.2.Theearthisspinningasitgoesroundthesun.ResearchandActivitiesThethemeoftheactivityis“agreatscientistinoureyes”.Getthestudentstoworkingroupsandintroduceagreatscientistintheirminds.First,theyneedtodecidewhichscientisttheythinkisthegreatest.Then,collectasmuchinformationaspossibleaboutthescientist,suchashis/herlife,achievements,andsoon.Intheend,eachgrouppresentsittothewholeclass.Theactivityisdesignedtoarousethestudents’interestinscience,cultivatetheirteamspiritandlearnsomethingfromthesegreatscientists.Italsohelpsthemlearntosearchforinformationandorganizeitwell.ReferenceforTeachingNicolausCopernicus,BornonFeb.19,1473,inThorn(Torun),Poland,NicolausCopernicuswasdestinedtobecome,throughthepublicationofhisheliocentrictheory70yearslater,oneoftheseminalfiguresinthehistoryofscientificthought.Thesonofaprosperousmerchant,hewasraisedafterhisfather’sdeathbyamaternaluncle,whoenabledhimtoentertheUniversityofKrakow,thenfamousforitsmathematics,philosophy,andastronomycurriculum.ThisexperiencestimulatedtheyoungCopernicustostudyfurtherliberalartsatBologna(1496-1501),medicineatPadua,andlawattheUniversityofFerrara,fromwhichheemergedin1503withthedoctorateincanonlaw.ShortlyafterwardhereturnedtoPolandandeventuallysettledpermanentlyatthecathedralinFrauenberg(Frombork),lessthan100milesfromhisbirthplace.Throughhisuncle’sinfluencehehadbeenelectedacanonofthechurchevenbeforehisjourneytoItaly.Copernicusnotonlyfaithfullyperformedhisecclesiasticalduties,butalsopracticedmedicine,wroteatreatiseonmonetaryreform,andturnedhisattentiontoasubjectinwhichhehadlongbeeninterested-astronomy.ByMay1514CopernicushadwrittenDerevolutionibusorbiumcoelestium(OntheRevolutionsoftheHeavenlySpheres,1543).ThisclassicworkchallengedthegeocentriccosmologythathadbeenacceptedsincethetimeofAristotle.Copernicusproposedthattheearthgoesroundthesunwiththeotherplanets.ThenewtheorythatCopernicusespousedinDerevolutionibusexhibitsapeculiarmixtureofbothradicalandconservativeelements.Inthemidstofhisradicalreorderingofthestructureoftheuniverse,CopernicusstilladheredtotheancientAristoteliandoctrinesofsolidcelestialspheresandperfectcircularmotionofheavenlybodies,andheheldessentiallyintacttheentireAristotelianphysicsofmotion.Moreover,withsignificantinnovations,heclungtothePtolemaicrepresentationofplanetarymotionbymeansofcomplicatedcombinationsofcirclescalledepicycles.AlthoughCopernicusrealizedthathistheoryimpliedanenormousincreaseinthesizeoftheuniverse,hedeclinedtopronounceitinfinite.TheseaspectsoftheCopernicantreatisedonotmitigatethenoveltyortheimpactofthefinaltheory,ortheauthor’sfirmconvictionthathissystemwasanaccuraterepresentationofphysicalreality.Rather,theyindicatethescopeoftheworkthatlayaheadandthatwaseffectivelyaddressedinthenextcenturywhenKeplerdeterminedtheellipticityofplanetaryorbits,Galileoformulatedhisnewconceptofmotion,andNewtonespousedhistheoryofuniversalgravitation.TheenunciationoftheheliocentrictheorybyCopernicusmarkedthebeginningofthescientificrevolution,andofanewviewofagreatlyenlargeduniverse.Itwasashiftawayfromthecomfortableanthropocentrismoftheancientandmedievalworld.Ascientifictheorythatreflectedsoprofoundlyonhumanitywasnotwelcomedbythechurch,anditwasonlyafterthepublication(1540)ofNarratioprima(AFirstAccount),byanenthusiasticsupporternamedRheticus,thattheagedCopernicusagreedtocommittoprintthetheoryalreadyoutlinedin1514.Anundocumented,butoftenrepeated,storyholdsthatCopernicusreceivedaprintedcopyofhistreatiseonhisdeathbed.HediedonMay24,1543.ShenzhouⅥtouchesdown,BEIJING,Oct.17(Xinhua/chinadaily.com.cn)—ThereturnmoduleofChina’ssecondmannedspacecraftShenzhouⅥhasreturnedtotheEarth,andtheastronautsaresafe.ThemoduleandastronautstoucheddowninthemainlandingfieldinCentralInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegionat4:33A.M.Mondayafterafive-dayflight.FeiJunlonggotoutofthereturnmodulebyhimselffirst,followedbyNieHaisheng.Thetwosaidtheywereingoodconditionwhenansweringquestionsfromjournalists.ThetwoPeople’sLiberationArmycolonelsreceivedahero’swelcome.JubilantresidentsinNie’shometownincentralHubeiprovincesetofffirecrackersandperformedtraditionalliondances.Fei’smotherweptonlearningofhissafereturn,andhisfatherdeclared,“Themotherlandissogreat!”StatetelevisionshowedtheastronautsemergingfromShenzhouⅥunaided,pausingatopthecharredreentrycrafttowavetotherecoveryteam.ChenBingde,chiefofChina’smannedspaceproject,declaresthemissionacompletesuccess.Thereturnmoduellandedonekilometerawayfromthetarget,andsixkilometersfromtheShenzhouV’slandingsite.ThetwomenareexpectedtobetakenbyahelicoptertoalocalairporttoboardaflighttoBeijing.Bothwillbeinisolationforobservationfor14daysafterthemission,butfamilymemberswillbeallowedtovisit,theBeijingYouthDailynewspapersaidSunday.FeiandNieblastedoffWednesdayonChina’ssecondmannedspacemission.ItcamealmostexactlytwoyearsafterChina’sfirstmannedspaceflight.Chinaisonlythethirdcountrytosendhumansintoorbitonitsown,afterRussiaandtheUnitedStates.StatetelevisionshowedscoresoftechniciansmonitoringthelandingatcomputerscreensataBeijingcontrolcenter.Theyshowednoreactionwhenanannouncersaidthecapsulehadlandedbutbrokeintocheersafterwordcamethattheastronautsweresafe,theAssociatedPressreported.ChineseleadersincludingthetoplegislatorWuBangguowereshownontelevisionwatchingthelandingfromthecontrolcenter.Themissionhad“accomplishedtheplannedexperimentsandaccumulatedvaluabletechnical,data,”XinhuasaidSunday.“Wefeelgood,ourworkisgoingsmoothlyandourlifeishappy,”FeiwasquotedassayingSundayeveningbeforethecraftbeganitsre-entrymaneuvers.“Wewilldoourutmosttofulfillthemission.”“We’regratefulforthedeeploveandconcernbyallChinesepeople,theHongKong,MacaoandTaiwancompatriots,”Niesaid.Shenzhou6orbitedtheEarth76timesandtraveledmorethan1.9millionmiles.Themissionwassubstantiallylongerandmorecomplexthanthe2003flight,whenastronautYangLiweiorbitedfor211/2hoursbeforehiscapsulelandedbyparachute.