Period5GrammarTheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodThisperiodlaysemphasisongrammar,thatis,thepastparticipleusedastheobjectcomplement,whichisalsooneofthedifficultpointsinSeniorEnglishgrammar.First,revisewhatthestudentshavelearntinthelastperiodbycheckingtheirhomework,includingsomeimportantphrasesandtranslatingsomesentencesfromChineseintoEnglish.Inthisunitthestudentsshouldlearnaboutthepastparticipleusedastheobjectcomplement.First,theteacherpresentsonesentencecontainingapastparticipleusedtheobjectcomplement,whichwastakenfromthereadingpassage.Teachertriestoanalyzethefunctionofthepastparticipleandhelpthestudentshaveageneralideaaboutit.ThenthestudentsareaskedtofindallthesentencesthatcontainapastparticipleusedastheobjectcomplementintheReadingpassage.Thenthestudentscancometoaconclusionofthebasicstructureofthepastparticipleusedastheobjectcomplement,thatis,have/get/find/...+object+pastparticiple.Nexttheteacherwillexplainthedifferencesbetweenthepresentparticipleandthepastparticiple.Theteachercomparesthemwhenareusedastheattributive,predicate,objectcomplementandadverbial.Inordertodoso,theteacheralwaysshowssometypicalexamples.Afterthat,thestudentswillfindoutthedifferencebetweenthem.Thentheyareprovidedwithsomeexercisesforthemtoconsolidatewhattheyhavelearned.Inordertoconsolidatethegrammarpoints,thestudentswilldosomeoralpractice.Inthispractice,thestudentswillaskandanswersomequestionsinpairs,usingthepastparticipleastheobjectcomplement.Thestudentsshouldnotonlylearnaboutthegrammar,butalsolearnhowtousethem,whichismuchmoreimportant.Alsothispartcanhelpthestudentstocommunicatewitheachotherusingthelanguagethattheyhavelearned,andthisistherealpurposeoflearningthetargetlanguages.TeachingImportantPointLearngrammar:thepastparticipleusedastheobjectcomplement.TeachingDifficultiesKnowthedifferencesbetweenthepresentparticipleandthepastparticiplewhentheyareusedastheattributive,predicate,objectcomplementandadverbial.Learntomakeachoicebetweenthepresentparticipleandthepastparticipleaccordingtothedifferentcontext.TeachingAidsataperecorderaprojectortheblackboardThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeAimsLearnthepastparticipleusedastheobjectcomplement.Knowthedifferencesbetweenthepresentparticipleandthepastparticiplewhentheyareusedastheattributive,predicate,objectcomplementandadverbial.AbilityAimsLearntomakeachoicebetweenthepresentparticipleandthepastparticipleaccordingtothedifferentcontext.Learntocommunicatewitheachotherbyusingthelanguagethattheyhavelearned.10,EmotionalAimsLearntocooperatewitheachother.TeachingProcedureStep1GreetingsTeachergreetsthestudentsasusual.Step2RevisionT:Atthebeginningofthisperiod,let’scheckyourhomework.First,pleasewritedownthephrasesaccordingtotheChineseexplanations.S:1)与……连结belinkedto2)令某人惊讶的是toone’ssurprise3)到处寻找,观光lookaround4)睁大眼睛keepone’seyesopen5)在特殊的场合onspecialoccasions6)为了纪念……inmemoryof7)拍一张照片haveaphototaken8)展出onshow9)为……感到骄傲beproudof10)遗留,漏掉leaveoutT:Good.Now,let’scheckyourtranslationsofthefivesentences.S1:WhenDavidBeckhamarrivedinJapan,thethrilledfansallwenttomeethim.S2:Inordertocelebratemycousin’swedding,myauntandunclehadaneveningpartyarranged.S3:Itisprobablypuzzling,buttosetanexamplecanhelptoclarifythepuzzle.S3:Don’tbeinfluencedbyherwords.Youmustdecideforyourself.S4:Polartooktheplaceofherfathertotreattheguestsattheparty,sinceherfatherwasnotavailableto.Step3DiscoveringUsefulStructuresT:Inthelastunitwelearntaboutthepastparticipleusedastheattributive.Nowlet’slookatthefollowingsentencetakenfromthepassage.Pleasetellmewhatfunctionisthepastparticiple.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.S:Itisusedastheobjectcomplement.T:Youareright.Sointhisunitwewilllearnaboutthepastparticipleusedastheobjectcomplement.Thestructureisoftenformedwithhave/get/find/...+object+pastparticiple.Pleasefindthreemoresentencesfromthereadingpassagewithpastparticiplesusedastheobjectcomplement.　(Afterseveralminutes.)S1:Totheirsurprise,thethreecountriesfoundthemselvesunitedpeacefullyinsteadofbywar.(Para.3)S2:However,justastheyweregoingtogetIrelandconnectedtoformtheUnitedKingdom,thesouthernpartofthatcountrybrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.(Para.3)S3:YoufindmostofthepopulationsettledintheSouth,butmostofthelargeindustrialcitiesintheMidlandsadNorthofEngland.(Para.5)T:Yes,youareveryclever.Now,lookatPart2(Discoveringusefulstructures)onPages12-13.Completethesentencesbyusingthewordsinbracketsandthestructurehave/get/find10,somethingdone.T:Let’sdoNo.1asanexample.Wearehavingthehousemendednow.　(Afterseveralminutes.)S1:No.2Youlookdifferenttoday.Haveyouhadyourhaircut?S2:No.3Doyouwanttogetthedictionarydeliveredtoyourhouseorwouldyouprefertocometotheshopforit?S3:No.4Sorry,Ihaven’thadthefilmdevelopedyet.S4:No.5Onmywaytothestationmycarbrokedown.WhenIgottotherepairshopIfounditclosed.S5:No.6Thecomputerdoesn’tseemtoworkwell.You’dbettergetitrepaired.S6:No.7JillandErichadalltheirmoneystolenwhiletheywereonholiday.S7:No.8ChrishadsomeflowerssenttoSarahonherbirthday.ThenChrisaskedSarahtomarryhemandtheyhaditannouncedinthenewspaper.Theyhadnotimetoarrangetheirownwedding,sotheyhaditorganizedbyacompany.T:Excellent.Pastparticipleusedastheobjectcomplementcanalsobeputaftersuchwordsassee,hear,notice,watch,keep,make,feel,etc.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.她高兴地看到孩子们在托儿所受到很好的照顾。2.我感到心里轻松了好些。3.我们应该让他知道这儿发生的情况。4.你说话至少要让别人听懂。5.他曾听人用德语唱过这支歌。Suggestedanswers:1.Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery.2.Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind.3.Weshouldkeephiminformedofwhatisgoingonhere.4.Whenyoutalk,youhavetoatleastmakeyourselfunderstood.5.HeonceheardthesongsunginGerman.T:Youdidaverygoodjob.Nowlet’slookatthreesentenceswith“have/getsth.sth.done”.Pleasetrytofindoutthedifferencesbetweenthem.1.Ihad(＝got)myteethfilledyesterdayafternoon.2.Wemusthave(＝get)theworkfinishedbyTuesday.3.IhadmylegbrokenwhenIgotoffthebus.T:Doyouthinkthestructure“have/getsth.done”hasthesamemeaninginthethreesentencesSs:No.T:Thencanyouexplainthedifferences?S:Inthefirstsentence,“have/getsth.done”means“toasksomeoneelsetodosth.”.Inthesecondsentence,thesubjecthimselforherselfmaytakepartinthework.Butinthethirdsentence,“have/getsth.done”means“tomeetwithsomethingunpleasant”.T:Youareveryclever.T:Now,let’scomparetheusebetweenthepresentparticipleandthepastparticiple.Lookatthefollowingexamples:Theboilingwaterishot.Youcanusetheboiledwatertomaketea.T:Canyoutellmethedifferencesbetweenboilingwaterandboiledwater?10,S:“Boilingwater”referstothewaterthatisboilingatthemoment,while“boiledwater”refertothewaterthathasbeenboiled.T:Yes,theyaredifferentbothinvoicesandtime.Trytofinishthefollowingsentencesusingtheproperformsoftheverbs.1.Cometomorrowandgivetheapplicationtotheman__________(sit)atthatdesk.2.Isthisthebook__________(recommend)byourteacher?3.Wehavetopaydutiesongoods__________(import)fromabroad.4.Thehouse__________(stand)atthecornerofthestreetwasbuiltin1955.(Teachergivesthestudentsseveralminutestothinkaboutthesesentences.)T:Now,let’scheckyouranswers.Suggestedanswers:1.sitting2.recommended3.imported4.standingT:Youareright.Pleaselookatthefollowingtwosentences.1.ThisisthemostconfusingsystemIhaveeverseen.2.Thechildrenwillgetconfusedifaskedtolearntoomuchatatime.T:Whatarethemeaningsof“confusing”and“confused”?S:“Confusing”means“令人困惑的”and“confused”means“感到困惑的”.T:Youareright.Whenreferringtosomething,weoftenusethepresentparticiple,withthemeaningof“令人……的”.Whenreferringtosomebody,weoftenusethepastparticiple,withthemeaningof“感到……的”.Lookatthefollowingwordsandwritedowntheirmeaningsinthebrackets.amazing(　　)amazed(　　)annoying(　　)annoyed(　　)boring(　　)bored(　　)surprising(　　)surprised(　　)S:amazing(令人惊讶的)amazed(感到惊讶的)annoying（令人生气的）annoyed（感到生气的）boring（令人厌倦的）bored（感到厌倦的）surprising（令人惊讶的）surprised（感到惊讶的）T:Youareright.Nowlet’slookatanothertwosentences:1.Don’tkeepthevisitorwaiting.2.Wheredidyougetyourbookprinted?T:Both“waiting”and“printed”areusedasobjectcomplement.What’sthedifferencebetweenthem?S:Inthefirstsentenceitisthevisitorthatiswaiting.Inthesecondsentenceyourbookisprinted.T:Sowecansummarizethedifferenceasfollows:iftheobjectisthelogicalsubjectoftheparticiple,weoftenusethepresentparticiple.Iftheobjectistheobjectoftheparticiple,weoftenusethepastparticiple.Now,trytotranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthepresentparticipleandthepastparticipleastheobjectcomplement.1.忽然他听见有人轻轻敲窗子。10,2．我进屋时发现他在朗读什么。3．你还是请人把鞋子补一补吧。4．他惊奇地发现房间给彻底地打扫了。(Teachergivesthestudentsseveralminutestofinishthetask.)T:Now,let’scheckyouranswers.Suggestedanswers:1.Suddenlyheheardsomeoneknockinggentlyonthewindow.2.WhenIenteredtheroom,Ifoundhimreadingsomethingaloud.3.You’dbetterhaveyourshoesmended.4.Hewassurprisedtofindhisroomthoroughlycleaned.T:Youdidanexcellentjob.Asweallknow,thepresentparticipleandthepastparticiplecanalsobeusedasadverbial.Lookatthefollowingtwosentences:1.Enteringtheroom,shefoundthewallnewlypainted.2.Writteninhaste,theessayhadsomeerrors.T:Now,Iwillexplainthedifferencebetweenthem.Whentheactthattheparticiplereferstoisdonebythesubjectofthemainclause,weoftenusethepresentparticiple.Whenthesubjectofthemainclauseistheobjectoftheparticiple,weoftenusethepastparticiple.Nextfinishthefollowingsentencesbyfillingintheblanksaccordingtothetranslationsinthebrackets.1.__________（顺大路往前走）shesawatallbuilding.2.__________（由于不知道她的地址）,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.3.__________（由于在农民中工作多年）,heknewthemverywell.4.__________（如果管理得好一些）,thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.5.__________（在他事迹的影响下）,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.(Afterafewminutes.)Suggestedanswers:1.Walkingdowntheroad2.Notknowingheraddress3.Havingworkedamongthepeasantsformanyyears4.Givenbetterattention5.InfluencedbyhisexampleT:Yes,youhavedoneaverygoodjob.Step4ConsolidationT:TurntoPage50,andlookatExercise1inUsingStructure.Answerthefollowingquestionsusingthepastparticipleastheobjectcomplement.Dothemwithyourpartner.Ifyouhaveanytrouble,Iwillcometohelpyou.(Thestudentspracticeinpairs;meanwhiletheteachergoesaroundtheclassroomandhelpsthemiftheyhaveanytrouble.)T:NowIwillaskpairsoftoaskandanswerthesequestions.S:Whatdidyoufindhadhappenedtoyourflowerpotswhenyougothome?S:Ifounditbroken.S:Whatdidyoudowhenthepathswerecoveredinsnowandyouwereaway?S:Ihadthemclearedup.(Teacherasksotherpairstodemonstratetheirdialogues.)Step5Homework10,1.FinishExercises2inUsingStructuresonPage51.2.Finishthefollowingsentencesbyfillingintheblankswiththecorrectformoftheverbsinthebrackets.1)Idon’tknowthegirl__________(catch)inthesnowstorm.2)Doyouknowthegirl__________(seat)onthestone?3)Doyoustillremember__________(take)toyourhometowntenyearsago?4)CharlieChaplinisconsidered__________(make)agreatcontributiontothefilmindustry.5)When__________(heat),icechangesintowater.6)ProfessorLiisoftenseen__________(write)somethinginhisoffice.7)__________(compare)withyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.8)Theyhaven’tdecidedwhen__________(leave)forShanghai.Suggestedanswers:1.caught　2.seated　3.beingtaken　4.tohavemade　5.heated　6.towrite7.Compared　8.toleaveTheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboardUnit2　TheUnitedKingdomPeriod5GrammarⅠ.Example:NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.Ⅱ.have/get/find...+object+pastparticipleⅢ.ComparingpresentparticiplewithpastparticipleResearchandActivitiesPlaythegame“Whatdidtheyfind?”WriteonesentenceaboutwhatMrandMrsSmithfoundwhentheycamehomefromworkoneday.Remembertousethepastparticipleastheobjectcomplement.Example:Theyfoundthewindowbroken.Dividetheclassintogroupsoffive.Giveapieceofpapertothefirstpersonineachgroupwhofoldsthepaperoverhis/herwriting,sothenextpersoncannotseeit.Passthepapertothenextpersoninthegroup.Whenthelastoneinthegrouphasfinishedwriting,he/shecomestothefrontoftheclasstoreadalltheideasofhis/hergroup.Theonewiththemostinterestingideaswins.ReferenceforTeachinghavesth.done,havesb.do,havesb./sth.doing与havesth.todo等四种句型的区别(1)have10,sth.done常用来表示“(主语)请别人完成某事”或表示“(主语)遭受某种不幸的情况”,其中have可用get替换。例如:①Whydon’tyouhave(＝get)thatsuitcleaned?你为什么不请人把那套衣服洗一洗?②Ican’thave(＝get)thecarstarted.我不能启动这辆车。③Ihad(＝got)mywatchbroken.我的手表给弄坏了。“havesth.done”用于否定句中时,表示“不允许……”“不让”。例如:①Iwon’thaveanythingsaidagainsther.我不会允许有任何反对她的言论。②Iwon’thavemyhouseturnedintoahotel.我不会让我的房子变成一个旅馆。(2)havesb.do表示“请某人完成某事”,可以用“getsb.todo”结构来替换。例:①Ihadhimrepairmybike.(＝Igothimtorepairmybike.)我请他修理自行车。②Don’tforgettohavehimcome.别忘了叫他来。“havesb.do”结构还有以下用法:1)表示主语无意识的行为,这时“have”作“有”解。例:Thesesmallanimalsseemgladtohavepeoplevisitthem.这些小动物很高兴有人看他们。2)主语“经历”某事。例:Hehadhismotherdie.他遭丧母。3)在否定句中,作“容忍”“允许”。例:Iwon’thaveyousaysuchthingsabouther.我不允许你说她这样的话。(3)havesb./sth.doing常表示“让某人做某事”,“让某情况发生”之意,含有动作正在进行之意。例:①Hesoonhadthemalllaughing.他很快让他们都笑了起来。②Ihaveacarwaitingforme.我让一部车在等我。在否定结构中,表示“不能让”“不允许”。例:Wecan’thavethatsortofthinghappening.我们不能让那类事情发生。(4)havesth.todo表示“有某事要完成”,其中不定式作定语,且常用主动形式。例:①Ihavesomeletterstowrite.我有几封信要写。②Hehasalargefamilytosupport.他有一大家人要养活。如果不定式所表示的动作不是由句子的主语来完成,该不定式则须用被动形式。例:“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashedtoday?”theservantasked.佣人问道:“你今天有没有衣服要(我)洗?”SomethingabouttheUKEnglishMannersandEtiquetteThefirstruleEnglishchildrencomeacrossatanearlyageistheimportanceofsaying“please”and“Thankyou.”Supplication,gratitudeand,mostimportantofall,apologyarecentraltoEnglishsocialintercourse.“Excuseme,”“I’msorrytotell...”whenapology,regretorfearhavenothingtodowithitareallformsofsociallubricationwhichspareothers’feelingsandmakelifealittleeasier.Itisdifficultforoutsiderstolearnhowtowieldthevocabularynecessary,butthestartingpointistounderstandthatitisalmostimpossiblelinguisticallytobeover-grateful,over-apologeticorover-politewhenitcomestothepoint.Thus,theEnglishmanorwomanwhosetoeyoutreadonwillbe“sosorry”presumablyearlier.Heorshewillthankyou“somuch”whenyoustoptreadingonitor,ifyoudonot,askyoutowitharoutineofpleasesandthank-yousthatwould10,lastanyothernationalhalfalifetime.It’sjusttheEnglishway.TheEnglishSenseofHumourTheEnglishhaveanislandculture-quirky(古怪的)andself-contained（持重的,有自制力的）.Muchoftheirhumourishighlysophisticatedandelusively（难以理解地）subtle（隐晦的,深奥难测的）.TheEnglishrarelysaywhattheymeanandtendtowardsreticence（节制）andunderstatement.So,whileinconversationtheyavoidtruthswhichmightleadtoconfrontation,intheirhumourtheymock（嘲笑）thatavoidance.Forinstance:Atdinnerinagreatcountryhouse,oneoftheguestsdrinkstoomuchwine,andslumps（陷落）acrossthetable.Thehostringsforthebutlerandsays:“Smithers,couldyoupleasepreparearoom.Thisgentlemanhaskindlyconsentedtostaythenight.”TheEnglishoftenhappilypokefunatthemselves.ComplainaboutsomeaspectofEnglishlifethatisquiteawfulandtheywillgleefullytellstoriesoftrainsthatneverarrive,ofbureau-craticbunglingthathasdrivenhonestcitizenstosuicide,oroffoodsodisgustingevenadogwouldn’teatit.TheEnglishloveironyandexpectotherstoappreciateittoo.Forexample,onehillwalkertoanother:“It’sonlysixmilesbythemap,yetyournavigationmadeitten.”Yes,butdoingitintengivesoneamuchgreaterfeelingofaccomplishment.”EnglishHomesandGardensItislargelythankstothevariableclimateinEnglandthattheEnglishlavishsomuchattentionontheirhomesandgardens.Theyemploytheirleisurehourswithanendlesscycleof“homeimprovements”withoutwhichnohomecaneverbeconsideredfullyimproved.Insideandouttheybusythemselvesinstallingelectronicgadgets,shower,andbuilt-infurniture.TheEnglishmandriveshisimpeccablypolishedvehicleupontoramp,whichhebuysfromtheDIYshop,andtinkersaroundunderneathitforhoursonend.Youmightthinkthat,withalltheseself-servicing,self-decoratingandimproving,Englishskilledlabourerswouldbeoutofajobortwo.Butthisisnotthecase.Soonerorlater,theseexpertshavetobecalledintomakegoodforthedamagecausedbytheamateur.TheEnglishAdoreAnimalsItisanEnglishmaximthatapersonwholikesanimalscannotbeallbad.TheEnglishadoreanimals—allkindsofanimals.Theykeepthem,not,asothernationsdo,primarilytoguardtheirproperty,forscientificinterestorforstatus,butforcompany.Animals,especiallypets,arevitaltoEnglishlife.Theyarenotalwaysverygoodattalkingtoeachother,buttheyexcelinconversationwiththeiranimal.Petowners’homesareshrinestotheiranimals.Thebestseats,thewarmestspots,thechoicestmorselsarehandedovertothesehouseholdgodsasamatterofcourse.TheBritishspendaround1.7billionannuallyonpetfood,twiceasmuchasthetotalmarketforteaandcoffee.Catsanddogs,parrotsandguineapigsareexcusedbehaviourwhichifseeninthechildrenofthehouseholdmightwellendinassault.Theyaredeemedtobeincapableofalmostanymisdemeanour.Sowhendogbitesman,itisalwaysman’sfault,evenifheisjustapasser-by.MargaretThatcherMargaretThatcherwasBritain’sfirstfemaleprimeminister.AgraduateofSomervilleCollege,Oxford,withamasterofartsdegreefromtheUniversityofOxfordsheworkedasa10,researchchemistandabarrister,concentratingontaxlaw,beforebeingelectedtotheHouseofCommonsin1953.Sheheldseveralministerialappointmentsincludingeducationminister(1970-1974).ElectedleaderofherParty(theOpposition)in1975,shebecameprimeministerin1979.Knownasastrongleaderandan“astuteParliamentarytactician,sheknewhowtohandledisagreement,nomatterfromwhichbenchitissued.In1982sheorderedBritishtroopstotheFalklandIslandstoretakethemfromArgentina.Shetookastrongstandagainstthetradeunionsduringtheminer’sstrike(1984-1985),andmovedBritaintowardprivatization,sellingminorinterestsinpublicutilitiestothebusinessinterests.Shealsointroduced“ratecapping”whicheffectivelytookcontrolofexpendituresoutofthehandsofcitycouncils,partofherpoliciesaimedatreducingtheinfluenceoflocalgovernments.In1989,sheintroducedacommunitypolltax.In1990,hercabinetwasdividedoverissuesincludingtheEuropeanCommunitywhichforcedherresignation.In1992,sheenteredtheHouseofLords,createdBaronessThatcherofKesteven.HermemoirsarebeingpublishedbyHarperCollins.Thefirstvolume,“TheDowningStreetYears”waspublishedin1993.OxfordUniversityOxford,UniversityofEnglishautonomousinstitutionofhigherlearningatOxford,Oxfordshire,Eng.ItliesalongtheUpperRiverThames,50miles(80km)north-northwestofLondon.SketchyevidenceindicatesthatschoolsexistedatOxfordassoonastheearly12thcentury.Bytheendofthatcenturyauniversitywaswellestablished,perhapsresultingfromthebarringofEnglishstudentsfromtheUniversityofParisabout1167.OxfordwasmodeledontheUniversityofParis,withinitialfacultiesoftheology,law,medicine,andtheliberalarts.DuringtheearlyhistoryofOxforditsreputationwasbasedontheologyandtheliberalarts.ButitalsogavemoreserioustreatmenttothephysicalsciencesthandidtheUniversityofParis:RogerBacon,afterleavingParis,conductedhisscientificexperimentsandlecturedatOxfordfrom1247to1257.Intheearly16thcenturyprofessorshipsbegantobeendowed,andinthelatterpartofthe17thcenturyinterestinscientificstudiesincreasedsubstantially.DuringtheRenaissance,DesideriusErasmuscarriedthenewlearningtoOxford,andsuchscholarsasWilliamGrocyn,JohnColet,andSirThomasMoreenhancedtheuniversity’sreputation.SincethattimeOxfordhastraditionallyheldthehighestreputationforscholarshipandinstructionintheclassics,theology,andpoliticalscience.Inthe19thcenturytheuniversity’senrollmentanditsprofessorialstaffweregreatlyexpanded.Thefirstwomen’scollegeatOxford,LadyMargaretHall,wasfoundedin1878,andwomenwerefirstadmittedtofullmembershipintheuniversityin1920.Inthe20thcenturyOxford’scurriculumwasmodernized.Sciencecametobetakenmuchmoreseriouslyandprofessionally,andmanynewfacultieswereadded,includingonesformodernlanguages,politicalscience,andeconomics.Post-graduatestudiesalsoexpandedgreatlyinthe20thcentury.OxfordhousestheBodleianLibraryandtheAshmoleanMuseum.TheOxfordUniversity10,Press,establishedin1478,isoneofthelargestandmostprestigiousuniversitypublishersintheworld.OxfordhasbeenassociatedwithmanyofthegreatestnamesinBritishhistory,fromJohnWesleyandCardinalWolseytoOscarWildeandSirRichardBurtontoCecilRhodesandSirWalterRaleigh.TheastronomerEdmondHalleystudiedatOxford,andthephysicistRobertBoyleperformedhismostimportantresearchthere.PrimeMinisterswhostudiedatOxfordincludeWilliamPitttheElder,GeorgeCanning,SirRobertPeel,WilliamGladstone,LordSalisbury,H.H.Asquith,ClementAttlee,AnthonyEden,HaroldMacmillan,EdwardHeath,SirHaroldWilson,andMargaretThatcher.UniversityofCambridgeUniversityofCambridgeisanEnglishautonomousinstitutionofhigherlearningatCambridge,Cambridgeshire,50miles(80km)northofLondon.Thestartoftheuniversityisgenerallytakenas1209,whenscholarsfromOxfordmigratedtoCambridgetoescapeOxford’sriotsof“townandgown”(townpeopleversusscholars).Toavertpossibletroubles,theauthoritiesinCambridgeallowedonlyscholarsunderthesupervisionofamastertoremaininthetown.Itwaspartlytoprovideanorderlyplaceofresidencethat(inemulationofOxford)thefirstcollege,Peterhouse,wasfoundedin1284.Overthenextthreecenturiesanother15collegeswerefounded,andin1318CambridgereceivedformalrecognitionasastudiumgeneralefromPopeJohnⅩⅫ.Cambridgeremainedfairlyinsignificantuntilabout1502,whenaprofessorshipofdivinitywasfounded—theoldestintheuniversity.In1546HenryⅧfoundedTrinityCollege(whichwasandstillremainsthelargestoftheCambridgecolleges).In1570ElizabethⅠgavetheuniversityarevisedbodyofstatutes,andin1571theuniversitywasformallyincorporatedbyactofParliament.Thenewstatutes,whichremainedinforcefornearlythreecenturies,vestedtheeffectivegovernmentoftheuniversityintheheadsofcolleges.In1663theLucasianprofessorshipofmathematicswasfoundedunderthewillofaformermemberoftheuniversity,andsixyearslaterthefirstholderresignedinfavourofIssacNewton,thenayoungfellowofTrinity.Newtonheldthechairforover30yearsandgavethestudyofmathematicsauniquepositionintheuniversity.In1871theuniversityestablishedtheCavendishprofessorshipofexperimentalphysicsandbeganthebuildingoftheCavendishLaboratory.JamesClerkMaxwellwasthefirstprofessor.Here,too,theteamofMaxFerdinandandPerutzandJohnCowderyKendrewandtheteamofFrancisCrickandJamesWatsonelucidatedthestructuresofproteinsandofthedouble-helixDNA,tofoundthemodernscienceofmolecularbiology.EarliercametheworkofSirFrederickGowlandHopkins,who,morethanperhapsanyotherman,canbehailedasthefounderofbiochemistry.NotedCambridgescholarsinotherfieldshavebeenthenaturalistCharlesDarwin,theeconomistJohnMaynardKeynes,andthehistorianG.M.Trevelyan.Manyofthecollegebuildingsarerichinhistoryandtradition.King’sCollegeChapel,begunin1446,isoneofBritain’smostmagnificentbuildings.ThemulberrytreeunderwhichthepoetJohnMiltonisreputedtohavewrittenLycidasisonthegroundsofChrist’sCollege.SamuelPepys’slibrary,hosedintheoriginalcases,isatMagdaleneCollege.Theuniversitylibrarywithwellover3000000volumesisoneofahandfulinthecountrythatisentitledtoacopyofeverybookpublishedinGreatBritain.10