Period4　ReadingandWritingTheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodThisperiodteachingandstudyingwillcenteronreadingandwriting.Asusual,theteachercanbegintheteachingwithrevisiontheformerknowledge,thatistosay,thecontentofFirstImpressions.Thispartcanbealsoregardedasthelead-in,becausethepassagetobelearnedisthecontinuedpartofFirstImpression.ItwilldescribeamazingthingsthatLiQianghasseeninthefutureAD3005.Astoreadingtraining,thepurposeofdoingitistohelpthestudentstoformthegoodhabitofreadingwithsomestrategy.Theteachershoulddevelopthestudents’abilityofscanningandskimming,includingtheimpliedmeaningbeyondlines.Soatthebeginning,getthestudentstoprepareknowledgeforreading.Inordertoreachthatpurpose,theteacherfirstlywillasksomequestionsaboutwhattheyhavelearnedinthesecondperiod,andthenletthemtalkaboutwhattheycanseeinthepicture.Thenletthestudentsscanthepassageandfindwhatamazingthingsarementioned.Later,theteacherwillaskthestudentstoskimitandfindoutthemainideaforeachparagraph.Thepurposeofdoingtheseistohelpthestudentstoformthegoodhabitofreading.Whenreadingapassage,wehadbetterfirstreaditaswhole,thatis,understandthestructureofthepassageandcatchthemainideawiththehelpofstructureandtitle.Thefollowingstepistoreadthepassageforthedetails.Theteachercandesignsometeachingactivitiestohelpthestudentstoknowaboutmoreandmoreinformationbytakingpartinthereadingactivities.Asaresult,theteachershouldbecareful,cautiousandcreativewhendesigningthereadingactivities.Thereadingactivitieshadbetterbevarious,whichcancausemorestudents’attention.Attheendofreading,someactivitiesshouldbedesignedtoleadthestudentstounderstandtheimpliedmeaningbeyondthepassage.Atthesametime,letthestudentsconsiderthewritingpurpose,whichservesthepurposeoftheauthorwritingit.Besidesreading,theclassisalsoexpectedtolearnandpractisewritingskill.Bystudyingthepassage,thestudentsshouldlearntheabilityofdescribingthethingsandwhattheyimagineimitatingthepassage.Theteachershouldgivethestudentssomeadviceonhowtosucceedindescribingthethingsandwhattheyimagine.TeachingImportantPointsMastertheskillofgistreading.Developthestudents’abilityofunderstandingtheimpliedmeaning.Improvethestudents’writingability.TeachingDifficultiesDevelopthestudents’abilityofunderstandingtheimpliedmeaning.TeachingAidsMulti-mediaclassroomandothernormalteachingtoolsThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeAimsGetthestudentstoknowaboutwhatLiQiangfoundinthefutureinAD3005.Learntheknowledgeabouthowtowriteapassageaboutdescriptionofthethings.AbilityAimsMastertheskillofgistreading.8,Developthestudents’abilityofunderstandingtheimpliedmeaning.Improvethestudents’writingability.EmotionalAimsReadingthepassageistoattempttocultivatestudents’spiritofexploringscienceandfuture.TeachingProcedureStep1GreetingT:Hello,myfriends.Ss:Hello,MissWang.Step2RevisionT:Doyoustillrememberwhatwelearnedinthesecondperiod?S:FirstImpressions.T:HowdidLiQiangtraveltotheearthinAD3005?S:Withthehelpofhisfriend,hetraveledbytimecapsuletotheearthbutonethousandyearsinthefuture.T:Howdidhefeelwhenhefoundhiminacompletelystrangeworld?S:Hewasconfusedbythenewsurroundings.T:Good.Nowlet’smakesomesentenceswith“LiQiang”todescribewhathesawandexperienced.S:LiQiangsufferedfromthelackoffreshaironhisarrivalatthenewworldinthefuture.S:LiQiangfeltmuchbetterafterputtingonaspecialmask,thoughtheairseemedthinthere.S:LiQianggotseparatedfromhisfriendwhentheyreachedwhatlookedlikealargemarket.Ss:...Step3Pre-readingT:Youdidagoodjob.Mostofyoureviewedwhatwelearned.NowletusguesswhatLiQiangwouldgoonvisiting.S:Hewastovisitotherplanetsbytimecapsule.S:Iguesshewouldgotovisitsomeinterestingplaces.S:Ithinkhewouldpayavisittoafamilyandaschool.Ss:...T:Ifyouweretheauthorofthepassage,whatwouldyouliketointroducetoreaders?S:Imightintroducethealienswhohemetinthefuture.S:IthinkIwoulddescribethewayoffuturelife.S:IfIweretheauthor,Iwouldprefertowritesomethingaboutfutureschool.T:Somestudentsseemtohavethesameopinionastheauthor,whilesomemightbeabletowriteanewpassageforustoenjoy.Iamgladtoknowyouallhaveusedyourheadstohavevariousanswers.NowstudythepictureonPage21totellmewhatyoucanseeinthepicture.S:Icanseeastrangethingisworkinginaspecialplace.S:Thestrangethinghassixhandsandoneleg,butitsheadissimilartoours.S:Thereisanothercreature,whichisverysmallwithmanyhands,comparedwiththebigone.Ss:...Step4FastReadingT:Nowletusreadthetitletogether.T:Canyoupredictwhatthepassagemaybeabout?8,S:Itmaybeaboutwhathehadseen,especiallyabouttheamazingthingsinthefuture.T:Youareright.Asweallknow,thebesttitleistheonewhichcanshowthemainideaofthereadingpassage.Asaconsequence,weshouldreadthetitlewhenwebegintoreadone,whichwillhelpustounderstandapassage.Now,readthepassagequicklytofindwhatamazingthingsarementionedinit.(Afteroneminute.)S:apacestation,somealiencreatures,mu-mu,dimpodsT:Yes.Pleaselookthroughitagainandfindoutmainideaforeachparagraph.You’dbetterfinishitintwominutes.(Twominuteslater,askthestudentstoshowtheiropiniontothewholeclass.Thendiscussitanddecidethebestanswer.Theteachershouldtellthemtheanswerintheend.)Suggestedanswers:Para.1aspacestationconsideredthemostmoderninthispartofspacePare.2thefriendliestcreatures,mu-muPara.3themostinterestingcreatures,dimpodsPara.4thedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthemStep5CarefulReadingT:PleasereadPara.oneandanswerthequestions:Wheredidhefirstvisit?Describetheplace.(Afteroneminute.)S:Hisfirstvisitwastoaspacestationconsideredthemostmoderninthispartofspace.Itisanenormousroundplate,anditspinsslowlyinspacetoimitatethepulloftheearth’sgravity.Insideofit,itisdividedintozoneswithextraordinarilydifferatmospheresandgravities.T:Right.Whatotherstrangethingscanbefound?S:Therelivethealiencreatureswhiletheyworkwithhumanspacescientistssearchingfornewworlds.T:Nowpleasereadthenexttwoparagraphstotellthefollowingsentencestrueorfalse.1.Thefriendliestcreaturesarethetinydimpods,whilethemostinterestingcreaturesarethemu-mu.2.Themu-mumustwearrednightlightsonthehelmetssothattheycanseeinthedark.3.TheWorldSpaceAgencywillsendaspaceshiptoexaminethefourthstarinthePleiadessystemnextyear.4.Themu-mucanskiparoundthepipesandbetweenthewoodenwallsofthespacestation.5.Thetinydimpodsaregreatengineers,whichrequirethesamethesameatmospheresashumans.6.Thetinydimpodsvanproducealiquidfromtheirbodies,whichmeltsmetalandveryusefulfortheoutsideforspaceships.(Givestudentsfourminutestoreadandconsiderthestatements.)T:Let’schecktheanswers.Ifitiswrong,pleasecorrectit.S:1.Ithinkthefirstsentenceiswrong.Thetwoobjectsshouldbeexchanged.Thatistosay,thefriendliestcreaturesarethemu-mu,whilethemostinterestingcreaturesarethetinydimpods.T:Right.Whataboutthenext?S:2.Itisfalse.Humanbeingsmustwearrednightlightsonthehelmetssothattheycanseeinthedark.Butthemu-musdon’tneeditbecausetheycanseeinthedark.T:Good.Isthethirdonewrong?8,S:3.Ithinkitisright.T:Right.Whataboutthenextone?S:4.Itiswrong.Thetinydimpodscanskiproundthepipesandbetweenthewoodenwallsofthespacestation.T:Iagreewithyou.S:5.Thefifthandthesixthareright.T:Excellent.Now,let’sreadthelastparagraphandcombinewhatwejustreadtofinishthefollowingchart.NameofcreatureMu-muDimpodsSizeBigTinyAppearanceTheyaretallandthinwithshell-covered“leg”.Theyaresmall,justthesizeofalittlecat.ColorTheyhaveblackandwhitefaces.Theyarepurpleorblueandthecolorchangesdependingontheirmood.Personality1.Theyseeinthedarksotheyliveinanareawithoutlightofanykind.2.Theyarecleversothattheyhaveassistedinthescientificdiscovery.3.Theyarenoteasytotalktosothatyouhavetousealanguage-changertohelp.Themu-musonlyspeakinwhispers.4.Theyeatfoodthatcontainscarbonanddrinkastrangemixtureofcarrotjuiceandcocoa.1.Theyrequirethesameatmosphereashumans.2.Theyaregreatengineersandveryclever.3.Theyareabletotravelmanylightyearsawayfromtheearth,whichcanproduceastrangeliquidfromtheirbodies.4.Theyaredifficulttotalktosothatyouhavetousealanguage-changertohelp.Thedimpodsshoutloudlyinyourear.5.Theyeatfoodthatcontainscarbon,whichdrinklemonademixedwithherbs.NumberofarmsSixarmsManyarmsNumberoflegsAshell-coveredlegManylegsHowitmovesTheymoveforwardbyslowlyshakingfromsidetosideonashell-coveredleg.Theyskiparoundthepipesandbetweenthewoodenwallsofthespacestation.Step6Post-reading　T:What’sthemainidea?S:Thepassagemainlytellsusthestrangethingsthathesawinthefuture.T:Right.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthepassage?S:Writingthepassageistoletusknowwhatwillhappeninadvance.S:Ithinktheauthorattemptedtoencourageustobebraveenoughtosearchforthefuturetospeedupthedevelopmentofscience.T:Whatacleverhead!Weshouldhaveacreativespirittoexplorethedevelopmentofthefuturetobuildupoursociety.Weshouldworkhardtomakecontributionstoourcountry,tryingtomakeourhomelandhighlydeveloped.8,T:Nowlet’simaginetoaddtwoextracharacteristicsofthecreatures.Discusswhatanaliencreatureofyourownmightbelikewithyourpartners.(Aboutthreeminutes,asksomestudentstodescribewhatanaliencreaturemightbelikeintheirminds.)Step7WritingT:Justnowyoudiscusswhatanaliencreatureofyourownmightbelike.Nowpleasedrawapictureofyouralien.Thenwriteadescriptionbasedonyourdrawingandthenotesinthechart.Showyourdrawingtoyourclassmatesandreadyourdescriptiontothem.(Givethemtenminutestodoit.First,letthemdoitbythemselves.Latergetthemtoexchangewiththeirdeskmates.Finallyasksomestudentstoshowtheirworktothewholeclass.Duringdoingit,theteachercandesignacompetitiontoarousetheirinterest.Ifpossible,getsomeexcellentworksshowntothewholeschooltoencouragestudentstohaveacreativespirit.)Step8ConsolidationT:Inthisperiod,wemainlyfocusonreadingthepassage:IHaveSeenAmazingThings.Wouldyoupleasemakeasentencewith“WhatIhaveseen...”?(Inordertogetmorestudentstotakepartinthisactivity,theteachercanletthemhaveacompetitionbetweengroups.)Step9HomeworkT:AfterclasswriteapassagetitledAnAlieninMyMind,imitatingthepassage.Inyourdescriptiontherewillbenameofcreature,size,appearance,color,howtomove,personalityandsoon.TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboardUnit3　LifeinthefuturePeriod4　ReadingandWritingStructureComparisonPara1aspacestationconsideredthemostmoderninthispartofspacePare2thefriendliestcreatures,mu-muPara3themostinterestingcreatures,dimpodsPara4thedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthemMu-muDimpodsSizeAppearanceColorPersonalityNumberofarmsNumberoflegsHowitmovesResearchandActivitiesGetthestudentstoparticipateinacompetitionaboutdesigningthefuture.Thethemeofthecompetitionisrobotsinthefuturehome.Thestudentsareaskedtoworkingroupsoffourtodesigntherobotsintheirminds.Theywilldrawthepicturesoftherobotsandalsodescribethesize,appearance,personalityandhowtowork.Inordertoattractmoreattention,thedesignersshouldgiveavividdescriptionaboutitsoutstandingadvantagesandfunction.Inadditiontobeautifulappearanceandextraordinaryfunction,thedesigningshouldalsobefullofimagination.Thegroupwhosedescriptioniswonderful,togetherwithimaginative,beautifulandfunctionaldesign,willbethewinner.ReferenceforTeachingSpaceprograminthefuture8,Therisktakersandvisionariesofthisagencyhaveexpandedhumanknowledge,haverevolutionizedourunderstandingoftheuniverse,andproducedtechnologicaladvancesthathavebenefitedallofhumanity.Inspiredbyallthathascomebefore,andguidedbyclearobjectives,todaytheysetanewcourseforAmerica’sspaceprogram.TheywillgiveNASAanewfocusandvisionforfutureexploration.Theywillbuildnewshipstocarrymanforwardintotheuniverse,togainanewfootholdonthemoon,andtopreparefornewjourneystoworldsbeyondtheirown.Theircurrentprogramsandvehiclesforexploringspacehavebroughtthemfar.TheSpaceShuttlehasflownmorethanahundredmissions.Ithasbeenusedtoconductimportantresearchandtoincreasethesumofhumanknowledge.Shuttlecrews,andthescientistsandengineerswhosupportthem,havehelpedtobuildtheInternationalSpaceStation.Telescopes—includingthoseinspace—haverevealedmorethan100planetsinthelastdecadealone.ProbeshaveshownthemstunningimagesoftheringsofSaturnandtheouterplanetsofoursolarsystem.Roboticexplorershavefoundevidenceofwater—akeyingredientforlife—onMarsandonthemoonsofJupiter.Atthisveryhour,theMarsExplorationRoverSpiritissearchingforevidenceoflifebeyondtheEarth.ItistimeforAmericatotakethenextsteps.TheirfirstgoalistocompletetheInternationalSpaceStationby2010.Theywillfocustheirfutureresearchaboardthestationonthelong-termeffectsofspacetravelonhumanbiology.Theenvironmentofspaceishostiletohumanbeings.Radiationandweightlessnessposedangerstohumanhealth,andwehavemuchtolearnabouttheirlong-termeffectsbeforehumancrewscanventurethroughthevastvoidsofspaceformonthsatatime.ResearchonboardthestationandhereonEarthwillhelpusbetterunderstandandovercometheobstaclesthatlimitexploration.Throughtheseeffortswewilldeveloptheskillsandtechniquesnecessarytosustainfurtherspaceexploration.Thesecondgoalistodevelopandtestanewspacecraft,theCrewExplorationVehicle,by2008,andtoconductthefirstmannedmissionnolaterthan2014.TheCrewExplorationVehiclewillbecapableofferryingastronautsandscientiststotheSpaceStationaftertheshuttleisretired.Butthemainpurposeofthisspacecraftwillbetocarryastronautsbeyondourorbittootherworlds.ThiswillbethefirstspacecraftofitskindsincetheApolloCommandModule.Thethirdgoalistoreturntothemoonby2020,asthelaunchingpointformissionsbeyond.Beginningnolaterthan2008,theywillsendaseriesofroboticmissionstothelunarsurfacetoresearchandprepareforfuturehumanexploration.UsingtheCrewExplorationVehicle,theywillundertakeextendedhumanmissionstothemoonasearlyas2015,withthegoaloflivingandworkingthereforincreasinglyextendedperiods.Withtheexperienceandknowledgegainedonthemoon,manwillthenbereadytotakethenextstepsofspaceexploration:humanmissionstoMarsandtoworldsbeyond.Yetthehumanthirstforknowledgeultimatelycannotbesatisfiedbyeventhemostvividpictures,orthemost8,detailedmeasurements.Andonlyhumanbeingsarecapableofadaptingtotheinevitableuncertaintiesposedbyspacetravel.GalaxyAnyofthesystemsofstarsandinterstellarmattermakesuptheCosmos.Manysuchassemblagesaresoenormousthattheycontainhundredsofbillionsofstars.Naturehasprovidedanimmenselyvariedarrayofgalaxies,rangingfromfaint,diffusedwarfobjectstobrilliant,spiral-shapedgiants.Virtuallyallgalaxiesappeartohavebeenformedsoonaftertheuniversebegan,andtheypervadespace,evenintothedepthsofthefarthestreachespenetratedbypowerfulmoderntelescopes.Galaxiesusuallyexistinclusters,someofwhichinturnaregroupedintolargerclustersmeasuringhundredsofmillionsoflight-yearsacross.(Alight-yearisthedistancetraversedbylightinoneyear,travelingatavelocityof300000kilometerspersecond,or650000000milesperhour.)Theseso-calledsuperclustersareseparatedbynearlyemptyvoids,causingthegrossstructureoftheuniversetolooksomewhatlikeanetworkofsheetsandchainsofgalaxies.Galaxiesdifferfromoneanotherinshape,withvariationsresultingfromthewayinwhichthesystemswereformed.Dependingontheinitialconditionsinthepregalacticgassome15000000000yearsago,galaxiesformedeitherasslowlyturning,smoothlystructured,roundsystemsofstarsandgasorasrapidlyrotatingpinwheelsofsuchentities.Otherdifferencesbetweengalaxieshavebeenobservedandarethoughttoreflectevolutionarychanges.Somegalaxiesarerifewithactivity:theyarethesitesofstarformationwithitsattendantglowinggasandcloudsofdustandmolecularcomplexes.Others,bycontrast,arequiescent,havinglongagoceasedtoformnewstars.Perhapsthemostconspicuousevolutionarychangesingalaxiesoccurintheirnuclei,whereevidencesuggeststhatinmanycasessupermassiveobjects—probablyblackholes—formedwhenthegalaxieswereyoung.Suchphenomenaoccurredseveralbillionyearsagoandarenowobservedasbrilliantobjectscalledquasars.Theexistenceofgalaxieswasnotrecognizeduntiltheearly20thcentury.Sincethen,however,galaxieshavebecomeoneofthefocalpointsofastronomicalinvestigation.Thenotabledevelopmentsandachievementsinthestudyofgalaxiesaresurveyedhere.Includedinthediscussionaretheexternalgalaxies(i.e.,thoselyingoutsidetheMilkyWayGalaxy,thelocalgalaxytowhichtheSunandEarthbelong),theirdistributioninclustersandsuperclusters,andtheevolutionofgalaxiesandquasars.ForfurtherdetailsontheMilkyWayGalaxy,seeMilkyWayGalaxy.Forspecificsaboutthecomponentsofgalaxies,seestar,nebula,andCosmos.AfuturevehicleWhilemanytechnologicaladvancesoccurinanevolutionarymanner,occasionallya8,revolutionarytechnologicalappearsonthehorizonthatcreatesstartlingnewconditionsandprofoundchanges.SuchisthecasewiththeprivatelydevelopedMollerSkycar,whichisnamedafteritsinventor.TheLAMVisaverticaltake-offandlandingaircraftthatcanflyinaquick,quiet,andagilemanner.Itisanewtypeofvehiclethatcombinesthespeedofanairplaneandtheverticaltake-offcapabilityofahelicopterwithsomecharacteristicsofagroundvehicle,butwithoutthelimitationsofanyofthoseexistingmodesoftransportation.TheLAMVisnotoperatedliketraditionalfixed—orrotary-wingaircraft.Ithasonlytwohand-operatorusestodirecttheredundantcomputercontroltwiststoselectthedesiredoperatingaltitudeandmovesforeandafttoselecttherateofclimb.Theright-handcontroltwiststoselectthevehicle’sdirectionandmovesside-to-sidetoprovidetransverse(crosswise)movementduringthehoverandearly-transition-to-flightphasesofoperation;italsomovesforeandafttocontrolspeedandbraking.Simplyput,theLAMVisuserfriendly.TheLAMVofthefuturewillbe18feetlong,10feetwide,and6feethighandweight2200pounds.Itwillholdfourpassengersandapayloadof875pounds(includingfuel).Thevehiclewillhaveamaximumrateofclimbof6400feetperminuteandanoperationalceilingof30000feet.Itwillattainatopspeedof390milesperhouratanaltitudeof6000feetandacruisingspeedof350milesperhourat25000feet,anditwillhaveamaximumrangeof900milesat80passengermilespergallon.TheLAMValsowillbequietenoughtofunctionasanacoustic“stealth”planeat500feet.Itwillhaveaverticaltake-offandlandingcapabilityandemergencyairframeparachutes,anditwillbecapableofusingvariousfuels.ThepotentialeconomicadvantagesoftheLAMVareworthmentioning.Itsfuel-efficientenginesandabilitytooperateonvariousfuelswilllowfuelcosts.TheLAMVusesone-fourthofthefuelperpassengermileusedbythetilt-rotorV-22Ospreyorhighperformancehelicopters.TheLAMV’spotentialmilitaryuseswillbenumerous.However,oncetheLAMVtechnologymatures,itsmilitarypossibilitiesarestartling.WeintheArmycombatservicesupport“futures”arenaareencouragedbythedevelopmentssofarandhopethattheLAMVwillbereadyforArmyfieldingaround2010.TheLAMVcanbecomearealityinourArmyandpossibilityintheotherarmedservicesaswell.Withoutanydoubt,thistechnologicalinnovationwillsucceedinternationallyinntheprivate,commercial,andmilitarysectors.IhopethattheUSArmywillbethefirstarmyintheworldtoembraceandexploitthistechnology.Butsoonerratherthanlater,thisaerialvehicletechnologywillaffectallofourlives.Itisjustoverthehorizon.8