Unit1BreakingrecordsTeachingResourcesSection3:WordsandexpressionsfromUnit1Breakingrecordsapproximateadj.(abbr.approx)almostcorrectoraccurate,butnotcompletelyso:anapproximatenumber/total/costThecostgivenisonlyapproximate.Usethesefiguresasanapproximateguideinyourcalculations.conventionaladj.1.(oftendisapproving)tendingtofollowwhatisdoneorconsideredacceptablebysocietyingeneral;normalandordinary,andperhapsnotveryinteresting:conventionalbehaviour/moralityShe’sveryconventionalinherviews.2.[usuallybeforenoun]followingwhatistraditionalorthewaysthhasbeendoneforalongtime:conventionalmethods/approachesIt’snotahotel,intheconventionalsense,butratherawholevillageturnedintoahotel.3.[usuallybeforenoun](especiallyofweapons)notnuclear:conventionalforces/weaponsAconventionalwarwouldstillcauseunacceptabledevastation.aconventionalpowerstation(=usingoilorcoalasfuel,ratherthannuclearpower)laughternoun[U]theactorsoundoflaughing:toroarwithlaughtertears/gales/peals/shrieksoflaughtertoburst/dissolveintolaughterahousefulloflaughter(=withahappyatmosphere)Hegaveasnortofderisivelaughter.realitynoun(pl.-ies)1.[U]thetruesituationandtheproblemsthatactuallyexistinlife,incontrasttohowyouwouldlikelifetobe:Sherefusestofacereality.You’reoutoftouchwithreality.Therealityisthatthereisnotenoughmoneytopayforthisproject.Theyseemedtohavetheperfectmarriagebuttherealitywasverydifferent.2.[C]athingthatisactuallyexperiencedorseen,incontrasttowhatpeoplemightimagine:theharshrealitiesoflifeThisdecisionreflectstherealitiesofthepoliticalsituation.Thepaperlessofficeisstillfarfrombeingareality.Willtimetraveleverbecomeareality?adjustmentnoun[C,U]1.asmallchangemadetosthinordertocorrectorimproveit:I’vemadeafewadjustmentstothedesign.Someadjustmentofthelensmaybenecessary.2.achangeinthewayapersonbehavesorthinks:Shewentthroughaperiodofemotionaladjustmentafterhermarriagebrokeup.toughadj.(tougher,toughest)DIFFICULT1.havingorcausingproblemsordifficulties:atoughchildhoodItwasatoughdecisiontomake.She’sbeenhavingatoughtimeofit(=alotofproblems)lately.Hefacesthetoughesttestofhisleadershipsofar.Itcanbetoughtryingtojuggleacareerandafamily.,STRICT/FIRM2.~(on/withsb/sth)demandingthatparticularrulesbeobeyedandshowingalackofsympathyforanyproblemsorsufferingthatthismaycause:Don’tbetootoughonhim—hewasonlytryingtohelp.It’sabouttimeteachersstartedtogettoughwithbullies.Theschooltakesatoughlineon(=punishesseverely)cheating.Localtradersarecallingfortougheractionagainstvandals.STRONG3.strongenoughtodealsuccessfullywithdifficultconditionsorsituations:atoughbreedofcattleHe’snottoughenoughforacareerinsales.She’satoughcookie/customer(=sbwhoknowswhattheywantandisnoteasilyinfluencedbyotherpeople).4.(ofaperson)physicallystrongandlikelytobeviolent:Youthinkyou’resotough,don’tyou?Heplaysthetoughguyinthemovie.MEAT5.difficulttocutorchewNOTEASILYDAMAGED6.noteasilycut,broken,torn,etc.:atoughpairofshoesThereptile’sskinistoughandscaly.UNFORTUNATE7~(onsb)(informal)unfortunateforsbinawaythatseemsunfair:Itwastoughonherbeingdroppedfromtheteamlikethat.(ironic)‘Ican’tgetitfinishedintime.’‘Tough!’(=Idon’tfeelsorryaboutit.)extremeadj.1.[usuallybeforenoun]verygreatindegree:Weareworkingunderextremepressureatthemoment.peoplelivinginextremepovertyI’mhavingextremedifficultyinnotlosingmytemperwithher.Theheatinthedesertwasextreme.2.notordinaryorusual;seriousorsevere:Childrenwillberemovedfromtheirparentsonlyinextremecircumstances.Don’tgodoinganythingextremelikeleavingthecountry.ItwasthemostextremeexampleofcrueltytoanimalsIhadeverseen.extremeweatherconditions3.(ofpeople,politicalorganizations,opinions,etc.)farfromwhatmostpeopleconsidertobenormal,reasonableoracceptable:extremeleft-wing/right-wingviewsanextremenationalistorganizationTheirideasaretooextremeforme.4.[onlybeforenoun]asfaraspossiblefromthecentre,thebeginningorinthedirectionmentioned:KerryisintheextremewestofIreland.Shesatontheextremeedgeofherseat.politiciansontheextremeleftofthepartynoun1.afeeling,situation,wayofbehaving,etc.thatisasdifferentaspossiblefromanotherorisoppositetoit:extremesofloveandhateHeusedtobeveryshy,butnowhe’sgonetotheoppositeextreme(=changedfromoneextremekindofbehaviourtoanother).2.thegreatestorhighestdegreeofsth:extremesofcold,windorraintheclimaticextremesofthemountainsgo,etc.toextremes|takesthtoextremestoactorbeforcedtoactinawaythatisfarfromnormalorreasonable:It’sembarrassingtheextremeshe’llgotoinordertoimpresshisboss.Takentoextremes,thiskindofbehaviourcanbedangerous.Inthejungletheyweredriventoextremesinordertosurvive.intheextreme(formal)toagreatdegree:Thejourneywouldbedangerousintheextreme.,unfitadj.1.~(forsth)|~(toeat,drink,livein,etc.)|~(todosth)notofanacceptablestandard;notsuitable:Thehousingwasunfitforhumanhabitation.Thefoodonofferwasunfitforhumanconsumption.Thiswaterisunfittodrink.Mostofthebuildingsareunfittolivein.Theydescribedhimasunfittogovern.(technical)Manyofthehouseswerecondemnedasunfit.(technical)Thecourtclaimssheisanunfitmother.2.~forsth|~todosthnotcapableofdoingsth,forexamplebecauseofillness:He’sstillunfitforwork.Thecompany’sdoctorfoundthatshewasunfittocarryouthernormalwork.3.(especiallyBrE)(ofaperson)notingoodphysicalcondition;notfit,becauseyouhavenottakenexercise:Thecaptainisstillunfitandwillmisstonight’sgame.fascinateverbtoattractorinterestsbverymuch:[vn]Chinahasalwaysfascinatedme.Itwasaquestionthathadfascinatedhimsincehewasaboy.[v]Theprivatelivesofmoviestarsneverfailtofascinate.meditationnoun1.[U]thepracticeofthinkingdeeplyinsilence,especiallyforreligiousreasonsorinordertomakeyourmindcalm:Shefoundpeacethroughyogaandmeditation.Hewasdeepinmeditationanddidn’tseemecomein.2.[C,usuallypl.]~(onsth)(formal)seriousthoughtsonaparticularsubjectthatsbwritesdownorspeaks:hismeditationsonlifeandarturgeverb1.toadviseortryhardtopersuadesbtodosth:[vntoinf]Sheurgedhimtostay.Policeareurginganyonewhosawtheaccidenttocontactthemimmediately.[vthat]Thereporturgedthatallchildrenbetaughttoswim.2.[vn]~sth(on/uponsb)torecommendsthstrongly:ThesituationisdangerousandtheUNisurgingcaution.3.[vn+adv./prep.](formal)tomakeapersonorananimalmovemorequicklyand/orinaparticulardirection,especiallybypushingorforcingthem:Heurgedhishorseforward.urgesbontoencouragesbtodosthorsupportthemsothattheydoitbetter:Shecouldhearhimurgingheronassheranpast.accomplishverb[vn]tosucceedindoingorcompletingsth,achieve:Thefirstpartoftheplanhasbeensafelyaccomplished.Idon’tfeelI’veaccomplishedverymuchtoday.That’sit.Missionaccomplished(=wehavedonewhatweaimedtodo).motivateverb1.[vn][oftenpassive]tobethereasonwhysbdoessthorbehavesinaparticularway:Heismotivatedentirelybyself-interest.2.tomakesbwanttodosth,especiallysththatinvolveshardworkandeffort:[vn]She’sverygoodatmotivatingherstudents.[vntoinf]Theplanisdesignedtomotivateemployeestoworkmoreefficiently.3.[vn](formal)togivereasonsforsththatyouhavestated:Pleasemotivateyouranswertoquestion5.motivated,adj.:araciallymotivatedattackahighlymotivatedstudent(=onewhoisveryinterestedandworkshard)motivationnoun[C,U]:Whatisthemotivationbehindthissuddenchange?Mostpeoplesaidthatpaywastheirmainmotivationforworking.He’sintelligentenoughbuthelacksmotivation.Allresearchproposalsmustbeaccompaniedbyafullmotivation.devotionnoun~(tosb/sth)1.[U,sing.]greatlove,careandsupportforsb/sth:Hisdevotiontohiswifeandfamilyistouching.2.[U,sing.]theactionofspendingalotoftimeorenergyonsth:herdevotiontodutyHerdevotiontothejobleftherwithverylittlefreetime.3.devotions[pl.]prayersandotherreligiouspracticessoulnounSPIRITOFPERSON1.[C]thespiritualpartofaperson,believedtoexistafterdeath:Hebelievedhisimmortalsoulwasinperil.Thehowlingwindsoundedlikethewailingoflostsouls(=thespiritsofdeadpeoplewhoarenotinheaven).INNERCHARACTER2.[C]aperson’sinnercharacter,containingtheirtruethoughtsandfeelings:Therewasafeelingofrestlessnessdeepinhersoul.SPIRITUAL/MORAL/ARTISTICQUALITIES3.[sing.]thespiritualandmoralqualitiesofhumansingeneral:thedarksideofthehumansoul4.[U,C]strongandgoodhumanfeeling,especiallythatgivesaworkofartitsqualityorenablessbtorecognizeandenjoythatquality:Itwasaverypolishedperformance,butitlackedsoul.5.[sing.]the~ofsthaperfectexampleofagoodquality:Heisthesoulofdiscretion.PERSON6.[C](becomingold-fashioned)apersonofaparticulartype:She’slostallhermoney,poorsoul.You’reabravesoul.7.[C](especiallyinnegativesentences)aperson:Therewasn’tasoulinsight(=nobodywasinsight).Don’ttellasoul(=donottellanyone).(literary)avillageof3.00souls(=with3.00peoplelivingthere)MUSIC8.(alsosoulmusic)[U]atypeofmusicthatexpressesstrongemotions,madepopularbyAfricanAmericanmusicians:asoulsingergoodforthesoul(humorous)goodforyou,evenifitseemsunpleasant:‘Wantaride?’‘Nothanks.Walkingisgoodforthesoul.’sacredadj.1.connectedwithGodoragod;consideredtobeholy:asacredimage/shrine/templesacredmusicCowsaresacredtoHindus.2.veryimportantandtreatedwithgreatrespectsacrosanct:Humanlifemustalwaysbesacred.Forjournalistsnothingissacred(=theycanwriteabout,anything).Somecompaniesofferfive-yearplansbutthereisnothingsacredaboutthislengthoftime(=itcanbechanged).deednoun1.(formal,literary)athingthatsbdoesthatisusuallyverygoodorverybadact:abrave/charitable/evil/gooddeedataleofheroicdeeds2.(oftenpluralinBritishEnglish)alegaldocumentthatyousign,especiallyonethatprovesthatyouownahouseorabuilding:thedeedsofthehouseyourgooddeedforthedayahelpful,kindthingthatyoudo:ItookSarah’schildrentoschoolsoI’vedonemygooddeedfortheday.conceptionnoun1.[U]theprocessofforminganideaoraplan:Theplanwasbrilliantinitsconceptionbutfailedbecauseoflackofmoney.2.[C,U]~(ofsth)|~(that...)anunderstandingorabeliefofwhatsthisorwhatsthshouldbe:Marx’sconceptionofsocialjusticeHehasnoconceptionofhowdifficultlifeisifyou’reunemployed.3.[U,C]theprocessofaneggbeingfertilizedinsideawoman’sbodysothatshebecomespregnant:themomentofconceptionAchildisbornabout40weeksafterconceptiontakesplace.tactnoun[U]theabilitytodealwithdifficultorembarrassingsituationscarefullyandwithoutdoingorsayinganythingthatwillannoyorupsetotherpeoplesensitivity:Settlingthedisputerequiredgreattactanddiplomacy.Sheisnotexactlyknownforhertact.regretverb(-tt-)1.tofeelsorryaboutsthyouhavedoneoraboutsththatyouhavenotbeenabletodo:[vn]Ifyoudon’tdoitnow,you’llonlyregretit.Thedecisioncouldbeonehelivestoregret.‘I’vehadawonderfullife,’shesaid,‘Idon’tregretathing.’Sheregrettedthewordsthemomenttheywereoutofhermouth.[v-ing]Hebitterlyregrettedeverhavingmentionedit.[vwh-]IdeeplyregretwhatIsaid.2.(formal)usedtosayinapoliteorformalwaythatyouaresorryorsadaboutasituation:[vn]Theairlineregretsanyinconvenience.[vthat]IregretthatIamunabletoacceptyourkindinvitation.[vtoinf]Weregrettoinformyouthatyourapplicationhasnotbeensuccessful.[vnthat]Itistoberegrettedthatsomanyyoungpeopleleaveschoolwithoutqualifications.noun[U,C]afeelingofsadnessordisappointmentthatyouhavebecauseofsththathashappenedorsththatyouhavedoneornotdone:ItiswithgreatregretthatIacceptyourresignation.Sheexpressedherregretatthedecision.apang/twingeofregretIhavenoregretsaboutleavingNewcastle(=Idonotfeelsorryaboutit).Whatisyourgreatestregret(=thethingthatyouaremostsorryaboutdoingornotdoing)?Hegaveupteachingin2001,muchtotheregretofhisstudents.repentancenoun[U]~(forsth)thefactofshowingthatyouaresorryforsthwrongthatyouhavedonecontrition,remorse:Heshowsnosignofrepentance.Thebookspeaksoftheneedforrepentanceandatonement.wisdomnoun[U],1.theabilitytomakesensibledecisionsandgivegoodadvicebecauseoftheexperienceandknowledgethatyouhave:awomanofgreatwisdom:wordsofwisdom2.~ofsth/ofdoingsthhowsensiblesthis:Iquestionthewisdomofgivingachildsomuchmoney.3.theknowledgethatasocietyorculturehasgainedoveralongperiodoftime:thecollectivewisdomoftheNativeAmericanpeopleconventional/receivedwisdomthevieworbeliefthatmostpeoplehold:Conventionalwisdomhasitthatriotsonlyeverhappenincities.inhis/her/its,etc.(infinite)wisdomusedwhenyouaresayingthatyoudonotunderstandwhysbhasdonesth:Thegovernmentinitswisdomhasdecidedtosupporttheban.virtuenoun1.[U](formal)behaviourorattitudesthatshowhighmoralstandards:Heledalifeofvirtue.Shewascertainlynoparagonofvirtue!2.[C]aparticulargoodqualityorhabit:Patienceisnotoneofhervirtues,I’mafraid.Asapolitician,healwaysemphasizedthevirtuesofcompromiseandconciliation.3.[C,U]anattractiveorusefulquality:Theplanhasthevirtueofsimplicity.HewasextollingthevirtuesoftheInternet.Theycouldseenovirtueindiscussingitfurther.by/invirtueofsth(formal)bymeansoforbecauseofsth:Shegotthejobbyvirtueofhergreaterexperience.makeavirtueofnecessitytomanagetogainanadvantagefromsththatyouhavetodoandcannotavoid:ShedecidedtomakeavirtueofnecessityandcombinedabusinesstriptoPariswithavisittohercousinsthere.virtueisitsownreward(saying)therewardforactinginamoralorcorrectwayistheknowledgethatyouhavedoneso,andyoushouldnotexpectmorethanthis,forexamplepraisefromotherpeopleorpaymentnobleadj.(nobler);(noblest)1.havingfinepersonalqualitiesthatpeopleadmire,suchascourage,honestyandcareforothers:anobleleadernobleidealsHediedforanoblecause.Itwasverynobleofyoutogosofartotakehimhome.2.veryimpressiveinsizeorquality:anoblebuilding3.belongingtoafamilyofhighsocialrank(=belongingtothenobility):amanofnoblebirthoneofthenoblestfamiliesinPortugalnoblyadv.:Sheborethedisappointmentnobly.tobenoblybornnounapersonwhocomesfromafamilyofhighsocialrank;amemberofthenobilitydoomnoun[U]deathordestruction;anyterribleeventthatyoucannotavoid:tomeetyourdoomShehadasenseofimpendingdoom(=feltthatsthverybadwasgoingtohappen).doommerchantapersonwhopredictsthatthingswillgoverybadly:Theprophetsofdoomwhosaidtelevisionwouldkilloffthebookwerewrong.verb[vn][usuallypassive]~sb/sth(tosth)tomakesb/sthcertaintofail,suffer,die,etc.:Theplanwasdoomedtofailure.Themarriagewasdoomedfromthestart.bidverb(bidding,bade,bidden)or(bidding,bid,bid),1.~(sb)goodmorning,farewell,etc.(formal)tosay‘goodmorning’,etc.tosb:[vn,vnn]IbadefarewelltoallthefriendsIhadmadeinParis.Ibadeallmyfriendsfarewell.2.(olduseorliterary)totellsbtodosth:[vninf]Hebademecomecloser.juggleverb1.~(withsth)tothrowasetofthreeormoreobjectssuchasballsintotheairandcatchandthrowthemagainquickly,oneatatime:[v]tojugglewithballsMyuncletaughtmetojuggle.[vn](figurative)Iwasjugglingbooks,shoppingbagsandthebaby(=Iwastryingtoholdthemallwithoutdroppingthem).2.~sth(withsth)totrytodealwithtwoormoreimportantjobsoractivitiesatthesametimesothatyoucanfitallofthemintoyourlife:[vn]Workingmothersareusedtojugglingtheirjobs,theirchildren’sneedsandtheirhousework.[alsov]3.[vn]toorganizeinformation,figures,themoneyyouspend,etc.inthemostusefuloreffectivewayentireadj.[onlybeforenoun](usedwhenyouareemphasizingthatthewholeofsthisinvolved)includingeverything,everyoneoreverypart:Theentirevillagewasdestroyed.Iwastedanentiredayonit.Ihaveneverinmyentirelifeheardsuchnonsense!Thediseasethreatenstowipeouttheentirepopulation.attainverb[vn]1.tosucceedingettingsth,usuallyafteralotofeffort:Mostofourstudentsattainedfive‘A’gradesintheirexams.2.(formal)toreachaparticularage,levelorcondition:Thecheetahcanattainspeedsofupto97kph.appreciateverb1.[vn](notusedintheprogressivetenses)torecognizethegoodqualitiesofsb/sth:Youcan’treallyappreciateforeignliteratureintranslation.Histalentsarenotfullyappreciatedinthatcompany.Herfamilydoesn’tappreciateher.2.(notusuallyusedintheprogressivetenses)tobegratefulforsththatsbhasdone;towelcomesth:[vn]I’dappreciatesomehelp.Yoursupportisgreatlyappreciated.Thanksforcoming.Iappreciateit.Iwouldappreciateanycommentsyoumighthave.Iwouldappreciateitifyoupaidincash.[v-ing]Idon’tappreciatebeingtreatedlikeasecond-classcitizen.[vn-ing]Wewouldappreciateyoulettingusknowofanyproblems.3.(notusedintheprogressivetenses)tounderstandthatsthistrue:[vn]WhatIfailedtoappreciatewasthedistancebetweenthetwocities.[vwh-]Idon’tthinkyouappreciatehowexpensiveitwillbe.[vthat]Wedidn’tfullyappreciatethathewasseriouslyill.4.[v]toincreaseinvalueoveraperiodoftime:Theirinvestmentshaveappreciatedovertheyears.salarynoun(pl.-ies)moneythatemployeesreceivefordoingtheirjob,especiallyprofessionalemployeesorpeopleworkinginanoffice,usuallypaideverymonth:anannualsalaryof$40000a9%salaryincreaseShe’sonasalaryof£24000.Hegetsabasicsalarypluscommission.wagenoun[sing.](alsowages[pl.])aregularamountofmoneythatyouearn,usuallyeveryweek,forworkorservices:wagesof£2.00aweekaweeklywageof£200wagecutsawageincrease,of3%(BrE)awageriseof3%wagedemands/claims/settlementsWagesarepaidonFridays.Thereareextrabenefitsforpeopleonlowwages.Taxandinsurancearedeductedfromyourwages.Thestaffhaveagreedtoavoluntarywagefreeze(=asituationinwhichwagesarenotincreasedforatime).livingwage,minimumwageverb[vn]~sth(against/onsb/sth)tobeginandcontinueawar,abattle,etc.:Therebelshavewagedaguerrillawarsince2000.Heallegedthatapresscampaignwasbeingwagedagainsthim.